Salicylic acid was applied topically to the skin of rabbits and humans in order to study the pharmacokinetics of percutaneous absorption, and the effects of formulation and application variables on the rate and extent of absorption. Drug samples incorporated into hydrophilic ointment (USP} and hydrophilic ointment containing 10% urea, were applied to the shaved abdominal areas of female New Zea...

Background & aim: Despite the global efforts to promote breastfeeding, women report some problems leading to stop breastfeeding in the early postpartum. Nipple soreness is considered as one of the main causes of early breastfeeding discontinuation. Treatment of this problem could keep breastfeeding for a prolonged period of time. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of n...

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel assessed the safety of bis-diglyceryl polyacyladipate-2 and bis-diglyceryl polyacyladipate-1 as used in cosmetics, finding that these ingredients are safe in cosmetic formulations in the present practices of use and concentration. Both ingredients are lanolin substitutes and are reported to function in cosmetics as skin-conditioning agents--emollients...

Background: Calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment has been successfully used in psoriasis vulgaris of active stage. However, the data of stationary stage was lack. Aims: To investigate the optimal regime of calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment on psoriasis vulgaris of stationary stage. Methods: Patients were randomized into 3 groups, with calcipotriol/betamethasone ointme...

Most of the antibiotics were originally derived from micro-organisms while the chemotherapeutic agents are from plants. Herbal medicine refers to the use of any plant's seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. Along with other dosage forms, herbal drugs are also formulated in the form of ointment. An ointment is a viscous semisolid preparation used topically on a ...

Nocebo effects can be acquired by verbal suggestion, but it is unknown whether they can be induced through observational learning and whether they are influenced by factors known to influence pain perception, such as pain anxiety or pain catastrophizing. Eighty-five female students (aged 22.5 ± 4.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Participants in the control condition (...

The terminal (1-year-old) shoot of quiescent, two-year-old balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) seedlings was ringed with lanolin containing 0, 1 or 10 mg g(-1) Ethrel, an ethylene-generating compound, and cultured for 6 weeks under environmental conditions favorable for growth. Bud break and the elongation of the current-year terminal shoot were monitored, and the subjacent previous-year ter...