Signals produced during social interactions convey crucial information about the sender's identity, quality, reproductive state and social status. Fishes can detect near-body water movements via the mechanosensory lateral line system, and this sense is used during several common fish behaviors, such as schooling, rheotaxis and predator-prey interactions. In addition, many fish behaviors, such a...

Roots explore the soil for water and nutrients through the continuous production of lateral roots. Lateral roots are formed at regular distances in a steadily elongating organ, but how future sites for lateral root formation become established is not yet understood. Here, we identified C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE 5 (CEP5) as a novel, auxin-repressed and phloem pole-expressed signal assisting i...

Establishment of left-right (LR) asymmetry occurs after gastrulation commences and utilizes a conserved cascade of events. In the mouse, LR symmetry is broken at a midline structure, the node, and involves signal relay to the lateral plate, where it results in asymmetric organ morphogenesis. How information transmits from the node to the distantly situated lateral plate remains unclear. Noting ...

Measurements of mean velocity, turbulence intensity, and turbulent shear stresses are presented for the mixing region of a film cooling situation in which the coolant is laterally injected. Measurements are performed using triple-wire anemometry so that all three mean velocity components are documented. Such measurements also give Reynolds stress terms in the flow field. Flow with one row of fi...

In this work, suspension characterization of a rapid transit vehicle is performed with a multi-body dynamic model that represents full degrees of freedom of a rapid transit vehicle. The effects of lateral suspension properties on passenger ride comfort and stability are investigated by variation of critical suspension parameters using design of experiment method. The critical suspension propert...

The supplemental tooth is of normal shape and size resembling a particular tooth from the normal dentition. These teeth might cause esthetic and/or functional problems because they are usually located in the maxillary anterior region. This is a case report of a patient who had visual discomfort from the color of his teeth and requested esthetic treatment. On intraoral examination, a supplementa...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the difference between measured spectral and cepstral values of normal adults and those of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) speakers in Korea. Subjects were 8 women with ALS and 20 normal women with no difficulty in physical activities as control group. As the result of independent t-test, measured spectral and cepstral value had significant di...

Background: Exposure of the insertion site of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is important for appropriate tunnel placement in ACL reconstruction surgery. However, observing the femoral ACL insertion site via the standard anterolateral portal is sometimes difficult. In this study, we compared views of the femoral ACL insertion site between 30-degree and the 45-degree arthroscopes. Methods:...

The purpose of this study is to present and document the rare and dynamic behavior of an ependymal cyst. We report 18 months old Caucasian girl who presented with multiple episodes of intermittent ataxia and vomiting with unremarkable neurological examination. Non contrast head CT was consistent with marginally dilated right lateral ventricle. MRI showed 1.7 × 1.5 × 1.1 cm cystic structure at t...