BACKGROUND Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries occur two to eight times more often in women than in men. Changes in ligament laxity and strength have been associated with female hormones such as relaxin. HYPOTHESIS Relaxin receptors are present within the female anterior cruciate ligament. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Remnants of anterior cruciate ligament ...

BACKGROUND Female athletes participating in high-risk sports suffer anterior cruciate ligament injury at a 4- to 6-fold greater rate than do male athletes. HYPOTHESIS Prescreened female athletes with subsequent anterior cruciate ligament injury will demonstrate decreased neuromuscular control and increased valgus joint loading, predicting anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. STUDY DESIGN...

BACKGROUND The failure mechanism of the knee ligament (bone-ligament-bone complex) at different strain rates is an important subject in the biomechanics of the knee. This study reviews and summarizes the literature describing ligament injury as a function of stain rate, which has been published during the last 30 years. METHODS Three modes of injury are presented as a function of strain rate,...

BACKGROUND The medial ulnar collateral ligament is the major soft tissue restraint to valgus displacement of the elbow. Currently, little has been published regarding the medial ulnar collateral ligament's ulnar footprint. HYPOTHESIS The medial ulnar collateral ligament has a long attachment onto the ulna and the anatomy of the footprint is consistent. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory st...

BACKGROUND A new sophisticated method that uses video analysis techniques together with a Maillon Rapide Delta to determine the tensile properties of the transverse carpal ligament-carpal tunnel complex has been developed. METHODS Six embalmed cadaveric specimens amputated at the mid-forearm and aged (mean (SD)): 82 (6.29) years were tested. The six hands were from three males (four hands) an...

BACKGROUND There is limited information regarding load responses of the posterior oblique and superficial medial collateral ligaments to applied loads. HYPOTHESES The degree of knee flexion affects loads experienced by the posterior oblique ligament and both divisions of the superficial medial collateral ligament. The posterior oblique ligament provides significant resistance to valgus and in...

The meniscofibular ligament is an anatomically defined ligament of the knee in humans. However, there are no data regarding the prognosis following injury to this ligament. Our case was a 42-year-old man who presented at our clinic with pain of the lateral side of his left knee. MRI of his left knee revealed the rupture of the meniscofibular ligament. The mechanism of injury was consistent with...

The ankle is a common site of sport injuries. Inversion strains at the ankle joint are a frequent occurrence producing stress on the lateral ligament. The resulting pathology may vary from a slight tear of the ligament to complete disruption of both the talo-fibular and calcaneo-fibular ligaments. Acute ruptures of the lateral ligament should be treated by primary suture (Anderson, K. J. and Le...

BACKGROUND Although current techniques of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may successfully stabilize the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee, no studies have demonstrated restoration of intact-knee kinematics. HYPOTHESIS Posterior cruciate ligament transplantation will successfully restore posterior stability and kinematics to the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. ...

The menisco-femoral ligament is one of the most important accessory ligaments of the knee. It extends from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle close to the femoral attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament. The accessory ligament may run behind or in front of the posterior cruciate ligament and is known either as the posterior menis...