concrete is one of the most important construction materials widely using in hydraulic structures, such as lining of irrigation canals. concrete durability might be decreased due to the environmental or inner factors with physical, chemical or mechanical reactions. since, the climatologically condition is variable in most part of the country, local studies are needed to evaluate of the weakness...

A new technique ("microlavage") was used to determine the volume of epithelial lining fluid recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. A standard bronchial brush tube is used to lavage a peripheral lung subsegment rapidly with 20 ml of normal saline and the concentrations of urea and total protein are measured in the aspirated fluid. Using a very short dwell time for fluid (less than 20 seconds), thi...

Excavation of shallow tunnels such as subways in urban areas plays a significant role as a life line and investigation of the soil behavior against tunnel construction is one of the vital subjects studied in the geotechnical scope. Nowadays, urban tunnels are mostly drilled by T.B.Ms and changing the applied forces to tunnel lining is one of the most risky matters while drilling tunnels by thes...

INTRODUCTION Shotcrete lining forms an integral part of conventional tunneling and is widely applied for underground excavations. Early strength gain of the shotcrete is a crucial aspect for ground support and safety of operatives. Strength requirements are dependent on various factors such as lining thickness, ground type, excavation size and tunnel depth. The early strength gain is typically ...