Dual-wavelength (K and X-band) radar measurements have shown promise in estimating the amount of liquid water in a cloud. By taking advantage of the attenuation by liquid water of the K -band signal as compared to X-band, the rangedifferentiated difference in reflectivity can be used to estimate the spatial distribution of cloud liquid water. One limitation is that the method is based on the as...

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) directly convert the chemical energy of the reactants into electrical energy and usually consist of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) sandwiched between two catalyst layers (CLs), two porous gas diffusion layers (GDLs) often coated with a microporous layer (MPL) on the CL side, and two bipolar plates with embedded gas channels. Protons and electro...

Infrared extinction spectra in the 3-5-microm and 7-13-microm atmospheric window regions have been obtained for smokes of petroleum oil, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid of varying droplet concentration and for water fogs. Spectra were also obtained at 0.36-2.35microm for petroleum oil and sulfuric acid smokes. Experimental results were compared, for sulfuric acid and water aerosols, to calcu...

Fuel ethanol can be produced from pretreated spruce wood through enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Processed spruce wood samples (acid-catalyzed steam hydrolysis followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation) were fractionated into water-soluble products and residual solids. The dioxane/water soluble portions of the solids were fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction. A substantial po...

to upper troposphere. The compensating effects in LW and SW radiation are largely linked to variations in cloud fraction and water content (vapor, liquid and ice). These radiative balances in reanalyses are in agreement with idealized calculations using a column radiative transfer model. The overall relationships between OLR and diabatic heating are robust among the different reanalyses, althou...

A mechanistic and dynamic model was developed to represent the physiological aspects of liquid dynamics in the rumen and to quantitatively predict liquid flow out of the reticulorumen (RR). The model is composed of 2 inflows (water consumption and salivary secretion), one outflow (liquid flow through the reticulo-omasal orifice (ROO), and one in-and-out flow (liquid flux through the rumen wall)...

gamma tocopherol content of 7 iranian sesame seeds (sesamum indicum l.) was determined by high performance liquid chromatography using c8 column and methanol, water and butanol as mobile phase. the gamma-tocopherol content varied from 563 to 1095 mg/kg in oil and 293 to 569 mg/kg in sesame seed and was in broad agreement with the codex range. a large variation was found in the concentration of ...

Recently, dual wavelength radar measurements of smoke and developing cumulus clouds have appeared in the literature which show a puzzling correlation between the measured radar returns. This correlation cannot easily be explained in terms of the conventional scattering mechanisms: coherent (Bragg) scattering from spatial fluctuations in clear-air refractive index and incoherent (Rayleigh) scatt...

Snow water equivalent (SWE) of a snowpack is often measured along well-chosen transects representative of an area of interest, such as a drainage basin, to capture spatial distribution of SWE, which is of great interest for many applications. For example, it is a useful input to the new generation of hydrological models used for snow melt run-off predictions. A time-effective method to perform ...

In the last few years, water ice and salts capable of melting this ice and producing liquid saline water (brine) have been detected on Mars. Moreover, indirect evidence for brine has been found in multiple areas of the planet. Here, we simulate full diurnal cycles of temperature and atmospheric water vapor content at the Phoenix landing site for the first time and show experimentally that, in s...