defamiliarization, the artistic technique of presenting to audiences common things in an unfamiliar or strange way in order to enhance perception of the familiar, is the main function of artistic literature. paradox is one of its techniques. paradox is used either syntactically or semantically. ibn al-farid was a mystic sufi poet gifted by mystical perceptions in addition to his poetic talents....

A language L ⊆ A∗ is literally idempotent in case that uav ∈ L if and only if uav ∈ L, for each u, v ∈ A∗, a ∈ A. We already studied classes of such languages closely related to the (positive) varieties of the famous StraubingThérien hierarchy. In the present paper we start a systematic study of literal varieties of literally idempotent languages, namely we deal with the case of two letter alph...

In statistical machine translation, the fundamental problem of word alignment is the process of finding word-to-word connections (i.e. translations) across languages given a sentence in one language and its translation in another. In more formal terms, given a source-language sentence F of n words (f1, f2, ..., fn) and a target-language sentence E of m words (e1, e2, ..., em), an alignment is a...

This paper describes a process of building a bilingual syntactically annotated corpus, the PCEDT (Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank). The corpus is being created at Charles University, Prague, and the release of this corpus as Linguistic Data Consortium data collection is scheduled for the spring of 2004. The paper discusses important decisions made prior to the start of the project and ...

A pilot study was conducted to examine the manner in which Cantonese speakers use prosody to mark syntactic junctures in speech production. Test sentences were designed to create the intended experimental conditions — each sentence-pair consists of an identical array of morphemes with exactly two interpretations according to two different syntactic structures. These structures can be clarified ...

Parsing is one of the important processes for natural language processing and, in general, a large-scale CFG is used to parse a wide variety of sentences. For many languages, a CFG is derived from a large-scale syntactically annotated corpus, and many parsing algorithms using CFGs have been proposed. However, we could not apply them to Japanese since a Japanese syntactically annotated corpus ha...

“malakoot” story (literally celestial kingdom), the only novel written by bahram sadeghi, is one of the memorial work that has been witten under the influence of “boof-e-koor” story (literally blind owl) written by sadegh hedayat by a distinctive style and during a specific period of time. aside from unique content of this story, form and structure of this work are also remarkable and marvelous...