Reinforcement learning is an attractive method of machine learning. However, as the state space of a given problem increases, reinforcement learning becomes increasingly inefficient. Hierarchical reinforcement learning is one method of increasing the efficiency of reinforcement learning. It involves breaking the overall goal of a problem into a hierarchy subgoals, and then attempting to achieve...

This review examines methods of terrain representation, creation and realism described in literature. In particular a combination of terrain synthesis using Fractional Brownian Motion, and erosion procedures is examined, as well as the procedural formation of rivers. Other techniques as examined, such as Triangulated Irregular Networks and ridges generation and discarded in terms of this projec...

2 Coevolution 4 2.1 Competitive Coevolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1.1 Just Two Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1.2 One Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.3 More than One Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.4 Competitive Fitness Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.5 Analysis . . . . . . . ...

Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. These systems are currently of interest to the pharmaceutical scientist because of their considerable potential to act as drug delivery vehicles by incorporating a wide range of drug molecules specially BCS Class-II and Class-IV. In order to appreciate the potential ...

Efficient and effective teamwork amongst autonomous robots in a dynamic environment is a complex and open problem in Artificial Intelligence. During the last twenty to thirty years a number of techniques have been developed for addressing teamwork in closed environments. Other research has focussed on detailed areas of teamwork such as communication, coordination, task allocation, and planning....

This paper reexamines the potential impact of the English-only movement on linguistic minorities and Anglos’ perceptions of their own and minority groups’ language vitality. Of particular interest is the Hispanic population—the fastest growing minority in the U.S. Communication scholars have paid only scant attention to the English-only movement and how it affects the social and communication c...

Khuhawar et al. (1998) studied the HPLC determination of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in the pharmaceutical preparations. Isoniazid alone and along with pyrazinamide and rifampicin has been estimated by HPLC. Rifampicin and pyrazinamide were separated from the derivative of isoniazid and are simultaneously determined. The chromatography is carried out from C18 column. These drugs were...

Claudio Nasruzzi et al (2000) evaluated the influence of the formulation and operating conditions on pellet preparation by pan technique. To this end, a new pelletization process, typified by the application of powdered drug on sugar – based cores using the GS coating system was studied. Different procedure have been used to evaluate a series of important parameters such as initial core weight,...

In one form or another language translation is a necessary part of cross-lingual information retrieval systems. Often times this is accomplished using machine translation systems. However, machine translation systems offer low quality for their high costs. This paper proposes a machine translation method that is low cost while improving translation quality. This is done by utilizing multiple we...