We show that the least number principle for strict Σk formulas can be characterized by the existence of alternating minima and maxima of length k. We show simple prenex forms of these formulas whose herbrandizations (by polynomial time functions) are ∀Σ̂1 formulas that characterize ∀Σ̂1 theorems of the levels T k 2 of the Bounded Arithmetic Hierarchy, and we derive from this another characterizat...

We develop a general theory on absence of quantum states corresponding to unstable classical channels. A principal example treated in detail is the following: Consider a real-valued potential on , , which is smooth outside zero and homogeneous of degree zero. Suppose that the restriction of to the unit sphere is a Morse function. We prove that there are no –solutions to the Schrödinger equation...

Species may exhibit similar thermal tolerances via either common ancestry or environmental filtering and local adaptation, if the species inhabit similar environments. We ask whether upper and lower thermal limits (critical thermal maxima and minima) and body temperatures are more strongly conserved across evolutionary history or geography for lizard populations distributed globally. We find th...

Given any finite or countable collection of real numbers Tj , j ∈ J , we find all solutions F to the stochastic fixed point equation W d = inf j∈J TjWj , where W and the Wj , j ∈ J , are independent real-valued random variables with distribution F and d = means equality in distribution. The bulk of the necessary analysis is spent on the case when |J | ≥ 2 and all Tj are (strictly) positive. Non...

This paper deals with the problem of speech waveform polarity. As the polarity of speech waveform can influence the performance of pitch marking algorithms (see Sec. 4), a simple method for the speech signal polarity determination is presented in the paper. We call this problem peak/valley decision making, i.e. making of decision whether pitch marks should be placed at peaks (local maxima) or a...

Understanding the molecular interaction behavior of transition metal nanoclusters lies at the heart of their efficient use in, e.g., heterogeneous catalysis, medical therapy and solar energy harvesting. For this purpose, we have evaluated the applicability of the surface electrostatic potential [VS(r)] and the local surface electron attachment energy [ES(r)] properties for characterizing the lo...

A quantum control landscape is defined as the physical objective as a function of the control variables. In this paper the control landscapes for two-level open quantum systems, whose evolution is described by general completely positive trace preserving maps (i.e., Kraus maps), are investigated in details. The objective function, which is the expectation value of a target system operator, is d...

The mechanism of coping with co-linear horizontal or vertical points is depicted in Figure 2. When horizontal or vertical co-linear points are found, very little adjustments are applied to coordinates of the points. The adjustments are applied in such a way, that the polyline increases its “smoothness”. Three different cases can be distinguished: point of inflection (Figure 2a), real extremum (...

A recognition process is based on a comparison of an object to be identified (recognized) with objects known by the subject performing the recognition. In case of machine letter recognition this process is performed by a computer and software implemented on it and the objects to be recognized are letters. For on-line recognition letters are supplied as a set of consecutive coordinates of the pe...