BACKGROUND Information on pneumococcal serotype distribution before vaccination is a prerequisite for evaluation of vaccine effect. The aim was to investigate the prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes isolated from middle ear (ME), lower respiratory tract (LRT) and from invasive disease (IPD) in Iceland prior to implementation of ten-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate...

When increasing use of the private automobile intensified street traffic congestion, cities, generally pursued one or two types of policies. The "Car accommodation policy" was aimed 'primarily at accommodating the car and highway traffic, neglecting all other modes. The "Balanced transportation policy" was directed to achievement of a co-ordinated system of different transportation modes. The f...

The Lions' Representation Theorem (LRT) is a version of the Lax–Milgram where completeness one spaces not needed. In this paper, LRT deduced from an operator-theoretical result on normed spaces, which independent interest. As example, we give new characterization dissipativity. main part paper theory derivations, based LRT, develop. Its aim to establish well-posedness results, only for evolutio...

In this article we explore statistical properties of the maximum-likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the selection and mutation parameters in a Poisson random field population genetics model of directional selection at DNA sites. We derive the asymptotic variances and covariance of the MLEs and explore the power of the likelihood ratio tests (LRT) of neutrality for varying levels of mutation and sel...

Sensor networks have been shown to be useful in diverse applications. One of the important applications is the collaborative detection based on multiple sensors to increase the detection performance. To exploit the spectrum vacancies in cognitive radios, we consider the collaborative spectrum sensing by sensor networks in the likelihood ratio test (LRT) frameworks. In the LRT, the sensors make ...

A variety of analytical methods is available for branch testing in distance-based phylogenies. However, these methods are rarely used, possibly because the estimation of some of their statistics, especially the covariances, is not always feasible. We show that these difficulties can be overcome if some simplifying assumptions are made, namely distance independence. The weighted least-squares li...

The likelihood ratio test (LRT) for the equality of EC50 values using a probit model that has parallel slopes is implemented in a variety of software packages. A preliminary LRT can be used to ascertain the plausibility of parallel slopes. Testing for equal EC50 values is not as straightforward if the preliminary test rejects that the slopes are equal or, equivalently, if a practitioner would r...

1 Introduction The London bus routes market provides an early example of the use of a combinatorial auction format in public procurement. This market covers about 800 routes serving an area of 1,630 square kilometers and more than 3.5 million passengers per day. It is valued at 600 million Pounds per year (roughly US $900 million). Prior to deregulation, bus services in the Greater London area ...

15. Supplementary Notes (a) No cost extension approved for this project due to time lost by PI due to medical leave (Summer 2009). (b) Project focus needed to be substantially redirected to include a thorough investigation of housing market foreclosure dynamics following the housing market crisis. 16. Abstract Light Rail Transit (LRT) has become an increasingly popular centerpiece of smart grow...