ATP-bioluminescence assay was used to evaluate the cleaning and sanitizing procedures of stainless steel milk contact surfaces. Surfaces of a raw milk transportation tank, a raw milk cooling storage tank, an equalization pasteurizing tank, a pasteurized milk storage tank and a pasteurized milk packaging tank, as well as a milk centrifuge were evaluated. The Relative Light Unit (RLU) using a com...

Endophyte infected tall fescue (E+) is the base diet for nearly all beef cattle in the southern USA. It has been linked to a variety of toxicological conditions due to the presence of large numbers of ergot alkaloids. This study was designed to investigate the effects of E+ seed extract and selected ergot alkaloids on the detoxification pathway by cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) enzyme system. Tests w...

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE To investigate the effect of nanosilver particles in solution stabilized in a matrix of sodium alginate on the growth and development of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter cloacae, the antibiotic-resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans, and the lu...

BACKGROUND The Host Cell Reactivation Assay (HCRA) is widely used to identify circumstances and substances affecting the repair capacity of cells, however, it is restricted by the transfection procedure used and the sensitivity of the detection method. Primary skin cells are particularly difficult to transfect, and therefore sensitive methods are needed to detect any variations due to the cell-...

1-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) belong to the large Class I G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and comprise three subtypes ( 1A, 1B, and 1D). Previous work with heterologously expressed C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged 1-ARs showed that 1Aand 1B-ARs localize to the plasma membrane, whereas 1D-ARs accumulate intracellularly. We recently showed that 1Dand 1B-ARs form heterodimer...

oocyte]. Oocytes were incubated for 24 to 48 hours, treated with coelenterazine [10 ,uM coelenterazine (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) and 30 p.M reduced glutathione in OR-2 media (no calcium)] for 2 to 3 hours with gentle orbital shaking in the dark at 18°C, and retumed to ND-86 medium with calcium (maintained in the dark with shaking) until measurements were initiated. For luminometer measurem...

Study design, materials and methods Informed consent was obtained and the study was approved by local human ethics committee. A midstream urine sample was collected for pH measurement immediately before the routine urodynamic test was performed. These samples were also tested for bacteriuria, and subjects found to have bacterial cystitis on the test day (10 7 c.f.u / L with pyuria >10 wbc / L) ...

Chitosan is one of the attractive non-viral carriers for gene delivery including siRNA. However, common chitosan, which has a relatively high molecular weight, is insoluble in water, which might make it difficult to apply clinically. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMWC), which is soluble in water, as a carrier for siRNA delivery. To evaluate the bi...

Preincubation of Haemophilus influenzae with antibiotics may influence opsonophagocytosis as studied by chemiluminescence. Two strains of H. influenzae (strain 1 [type b] and strain 2 [uncapsulated]) were pretreated with erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin for 1 h in Haemophilus test medium (the last 25 min was either without serum or with 10% fresh serum or 10% decomp...

Legumes are protein sources for billions of humans and livestock. These traits are enabled by symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), whereby root nodule-inhabiting rhizobia bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N) into usable N. Unfortunately, SNF rates in legume crops suffer from undiagnosed incompatible/suboptimal interactions between crop varieties and rhizobia strains. There are opportunities ...