TNFα is a pleotropic cytokine that exerts its effect in many cell types via TNFR. In spite of their well-established roles in various biological events, neither TNFα nor TNFR is essential for normal mouse development, and mice deficient in either, like CARP2-null mice, developed normally and exhibited no defects without a challenge [6,7]. Similarly, deletion in mice of c-IAP or c-IAP2, proteins...

Macrobrachium rosenbergii popularly known as 'scampi' has been expanding in India recent years. Scampi farming gained momentum after the set-back in shrimp farming due to disease outbreaks and other factors. The infrastructure available to produce shrimp seed and process the shrimp was helpful in providing support to scampi farming. The existing culture system includes both monoculture and poly...

Pain is the major sense in vertebrates that performs signaling and protective functions in the case of potential damage to the body. The problem of pain, which is of prime importance for humans, is extensively investigated in higher vertebrates [1], However, only a few works have attempted to study the sense of pain in fish. Verheijen [2] regarded a kind of "cough" observed in carps on damaging...

The study was undertaken to determine bacterial contamination of warm-water fish ponds and silver carps harvested from those ponds in Guilan province, Iran. In this respect, water samples were taken from 7 ponds and investigated by testing total bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli. In addition, skin swab samples of silver carps caught from each pond were studied for enumeration of the sam...

During the past three decades mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined dramatically. This is believed to be due to both declining incidence and improved survival in those with clinical disease although the contributions of public health programs on the one hand, and clinical interventions on the other, is hard to quantify. While aged standardised hospital admissions rates for ac...