In the past decade substantial data have become availabbe suggesting that marginal malnutrition, including subclinical vitamin and mineral deficiencies, can affect some vital functions such as physical work capacity, immunobiobogicab competence, and cognitive functions and behavior. It was felt, therefore, that it would be appropriate to convene a meeting ofinvestigators involved in the study o...

Grazing businesses with a proportion of native grassland may face the choice of reassigning the rights to use an area of native grassland to the public. In analysing this choice it is important to establish the future situation of the farm business with and without the area of land in question, including the possibility of further development of production capacity on other areas of the farm. T...

A single herbicide (Trimec or Strike 3 ) application in early season (March or April) was made to marginal areas around Þelds in 23-km test sites of the Mississippi Delta in 1999, 2000, and 2001. The herbicide was used to kill broadleaf weeds in the marginal areas that served as hosts for tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). The herbicide treatment caused a signiÞcant r...

According to the authors, time-modified confounding occurs when the causal relation between a time-fixed or time-varying confounder and the treatment or outcome changes over time. A key difference between previously described time-varying confounding and the proposed time-modified confounding is that, in the former, the values of the confounding variable change over time while, in the latter, t...

Chagas disease is becoming a public health problem in Latin America due to the wide distribution, the high prevalence, the magnitude of the damage caused and the difficulties to control it. In Paraguay, the disease is mainly distributed in the departments of Paraguarí, Cordillera and Central. Prevalence in marginal zones, where migrations from rural populations and endemic areas make possible t...

We present a fast and effective bidding strategy for the Trading Agent Competition in Supply Chain Management (TAC SCM). In TAC SCM, manufacturers compete to procure computer parts from suppliers, and then sell assembled computers to customers in reverse auctions. To address the bidding problem, an agent decides how many computers to sell and at what prices to sell them. We propose a greedy sol...

one of the new areas in the field of studying the country's development planning is border regions. although from past to present different aspects of the problems related to these regions have been studied, but spatial planning of border regions not only its position has not been clarified in the planning system of the country's development but also its dimensions and characteristics...

where u ∼ N(0, G) and 2 ∼ N(0, R) with u and 2 independent. This model can be interpreted as Y |β, u ∼ N(Xβ+Zu,R), u ∼ N(0, G), yielding (on integrating out u) the marginal model Y |β ∼ N(Xβ,ZGZ + R). Let V = ZGZ + R. Then the maximum penalized likelihood estimates of β and u given G and R are given by θ̂ = [ β̂ û ] = (CTR−1C + B)−1CTR−1y (A.2) where C = [X Z] and B is the block diagonal matrix w...

Longitudinal studies, where data are repeatedly collected on one subject over a period, are common in medical research. When effect of a time-varying exposure on an outcome of interest is measured at different time points, standard statistical methods fail to give robust estimate in the presence of time-dependent confounders. There is alternative method avoid, that is, inverse probability weigh...

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