This paper surveys the recent literature on the causal relationship between education and earnings. I focus on four areas of work: C theoretical and econometric advances in modeling the causal effect of education in the presence of heterogeneous returns to schooling. C recent studies that use institutional aspects of the education system to form instrumental variables estimates of the return to...

BACKGROUND Applications of causal inference methods to randomised controlled trial (RCT) data have usually focused on adjusting for compliance with the randomised intervention rather than on using RCT data to address other, non-randomised questions. In this paper we review use of causal inference methods to assess the impact of aspects of patient management other than the randomised interventio...

The Marginal Income Effect of Education on Happiness: Estimating the Direct and Indirect Effects of Compulsory Schooling on Well-Being in Australia Many economists and educators favour public support for education on the premise that education improves the overall well-being of citizens. However, little is known about the causal pathways through which education shapes people’s subjective well-b...

This paper concerns the assessment of linear cause-effect relationships from a combination of observational data and qualitative causal structures. The paper shows how techniques developed for identifying causal effects in causal Bayesian networks can be used to identify linear causal effects, and thus provides a new approach for assessing linear causal effects in structural equation models. Us...

This paper concerns the assessment of the effects of actions from a combination of nonexperimental data and causal assumptions encoded in the form of a directed acyclic graph in which some variables are presumed to be unobserved. We provide a procedure that systematically identifies cause effects between two sets of variables conditioned on some other variables, in time polynomial in the number...

Although one goal of aetiologic epidemiology is to estimate 'the true effect' of an exposure on disease occurrence, epidemio-logists usually do not precisely specify what 'true effect' they want to estimate. We describe how the counterfactual theory of causation, originally developed in philosophy and statistics, can be adapted to epidemiological studies to provide precise answers to the questi...

Compact canonical quantization on the light cone (DLCQ) is examined in the limit of infinite periodicity lenth L. Pauli Jordan commutators are found to approach continuum expressions with marginal non causal terms of order L −3/4 traced back to the handling of IR divergence through the elimination of zero modes. In contrast direct quantization in the continuum (CLCQ) in terms of field operators...

Compact canonical quantization on the light cone (DLCQ) is examined in the limit of infinite periodicity lenth L. Pauli Jordan commutators are found to approach continuum expressions with marginal non causal terms of order L−3/4 traced back to the handling of IR divergence through the elimination of zero modes. In contrast direct quantization in the continuum (CLCQ) in terms of field operators ...