Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SALDI-TOF-MS) using nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructured surfaces as the LDI-assisting nanomaterials is a soft ionization technique that features minimal fragmentation of analytes. As compared to traditional matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) using organic ma...

Hybridisation assays, which are commonly used to analyse oligonucleotides such as siRNAs and miRNAs, often employ detection probes with fluorescent tags. The signal emitted by a fluorescent tag covers a broad range of wavelengths and this limits the multiplexing potential due to overlapping signals. A novel method of indirect oligonucleotide analysis has been developed which combines a hybridis...

Genotoxic carcinogens interact with nucleic acids and proteins to yield covalently bound products (adducts), the quantitative determination of which has been proposed as a biomonitor of human exposure to carcinogens. Mass spectrometry is playing a leading role both in the structural characterisation and in the quantitative determination of these carcinogen adducts. In particular electrospray io...

OVERVIEW: The terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001 in the USA have radically changed the awareness of society towards both domestic and international security. These days, as a result of the destabilization of world affairs, terrorist attacks involving explosives or harmful chemical substances are happening all over the world, and the barbarity of such attacks has been worsening. In respon...

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large-scale magnetic structures expelled from the Sun due to MHD processes involving interaction between plasma and magnetic field in closed flux regions. I provide a summary of the observational signatures and current models on CME initiation. CMEs are traditionally observed using white light coronagraphs. I also provide a summary of various signatures of CMEs...

In recent years, forensic scientists have become increasingly interested in the detection and interpretation of organic gunshot residues (OGSR) due to the increasing use of lead- and heavy metal-free ammunition. This has also been prompted by the identification of gunshot residue- (GSR-) like particles in environmental and occupational samples. Various techniques have been investigated for thei...

Arithmetic error codes constitute a class oferror codes that are preserved during most arithmetic operations. Effectiveness studies for arithmetic error codes have shown their value for concurrent detection of faults in arithmetic processors, data transmission subsystems, and main storage units in fault-tolerant computers In this paper, it is shown that the same class of codes is also quite eff...

Mammography is a special case of CT scan who adopts X-ray method & uses the high resolution film so that it can detect well the tumors in the breast. Low radiation is the strength of this method. Mammography is especially used only in the breast tumor detection Mammogram breast cancer images have the ability to assist physicians in detecting disease caused by cells normal growth. Developing alg...