Let i = Es∼di π∗ [eπ̂(s)] for i = 1, 2, . . . , T the expected 0-1 loss at time i of π̂, such that = 1 T ∑T i=1 i. Note that t corresponds to the probability that π̂ makes a mistake under distribution dπ∗ . Let pt represent the probability π̂ hasn’t made a mistake (w.r.t. π∗) in the first tstep, and dt the distribution of state π̂ is in at time t conditioned on the fact it hasn’t made a mistake so f...

In this paper, I present a recursive algorithm that calculates the number of rankings that are consistent with a set of data (i.e. optimal candidates) in the framework of Optimality Theory. The ability to compute this quantity, which I call the r-volume, makes possible a simple and effective Bayesian heuristic in learning – all else equal, choose the candidate preferred by the highest number of...

Larry Norton’s multidimensional views of the world have come in handy for decades. As a child, he was rewarded by an art teacher for drawing objects from multiple vantage points. As a college student, he discovered a mistake in the tertiary structure of a chemical portrayed in a standard organic chemistry textbook. And as a clinical oncologist, he used mathematical models of tumor growth to cre...

Even the best robots will eventually make a mistake while performing their tasks. In our past experiments, we have found that even one mistake can cause a large loss in trust by human users. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of a robot apologizing for its mistake, promising to do better in the future, and providing additional reasons to trust it in a simulated office evacuation. In tests w...

Interlocutors often omit important words during conversation, which can lead to miscommunication during ambiguous scenarios (Rayner, Carlson, & Frasyer, 1983). Haywood, Pickering and Branigan (2004) show that under ambiguous situations, listeners are highly sensitive to syntactic primes. The studies reported here evaluated the effects of linguistic and nonlinguistic cues to ambiguity. Experimen...

Much of cognitive science seeks to provide principled descriptions of various kinds and aspects of rational behaviour, especially in beings like us or AI simulacra of beings like us. For the most part, these investigators presuppose an unarticulated common sense appreciation of the rationality that such behaviour consists in. On those occasions when they undertake to bring the relevant norms to...

Much of cognitive science seeks to provide principled descriptions of various kinds and aspects of rational behaviour, especially in beings like us or AI simulacra of beings like us. For the most part, these investigators presuppose an unarticulated common sense appreciation of the rationality that such behaviour consists in. On those occasions when they undertake to bring the relevant norms to...