In the second half of 19th century, world was confronted with large-scale social movements, which changed relations between citizen and state once for all. Particularly, emergence Suffragette movement, then Vietnam’s anti-war as well influence many other smaller, local, short-term raised new questions scientific community. How to study movements? Which method is more convenient how apply it? Wh...

Old welfare economics, Pigou (1920), considered social welfare as a cardinal notion, while new welfare economics,1 Little (1950) and Graaff (1957), consider social welfare as an ordinal notion. An in depth introduction to welfare economics and a discussion of the transition from old to new welfare economics, is expounded quite well by Samuelson (1947, Chap. 8, pp. 203–219, and pp. 249–252). For...

Rational choice theories assert that human beings behave rationally, either in the narrow sense of rational self-interest, or in the broader sense that decisions are rationally based on preferences. These empirical theories make no direct ethical claims, but they may have relevance to ethics. Social contract theorists have maintained, for example, that rational individuals can assent to a socia...

Traffic signal setting is an important element in traffic planning of urban road networks in ordinary conditions and/or in emergency conditions. As traffic signal setting affects user behaviour mainly at the path choice dimension, this dependence has to be studied by means of assignment models. We thus present a system of models and procedures for signal setting optimization with assignment of ...