To understand the origination of sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), I developed an in vitro brain stem-spinal cord preparation from neonatal rats. Ascorbic acid (3 mM) was added into the bath solution to increase the viability of preparations. At 24 degrees C, rhythmic SND (recorded from the splanchnic nerve) was consistently observed, but it became quiescent at <16 degrees C. Respiratory-relat...

In this study, effects of organic loading rates on biological nutrient removal and in an MBR based nutrient removal system were investigated. Furthermore, trans-membrane pressure at different applied conditions was monitored to observe impact on membrane fouling Three different levels of CODinf and three HRTs (4, 5 & 8 hrs) were applied. An improved performance with 74 % & 89% of TN & TP remova...

Extensive research has focussed on the development of novel high retention membrane bioreactor (HR-MBR) systems for wastewater reclamation in recent years. HR-MBR integrates high rejection membrane separation with conventional biological treatment in a single step. High rejection membrane separation processes currently used in HR-MBR applications include nanofiltration, forward osmosis, and mem...

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OHDPAT) and clonidine reduce sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), in part by actions in the medullary lateral tegmental field (LTF). We microinjected these drugs bilaterally into the LTF of baroreceptor-innervated and -denervated cats anesthetized with Dial-urethane. Neit...

Acute heating in young rats increases visceral sympathetic nerve discharge (SND); however, renal and splanchnic SND responses to hyperthermia are attenuated in senescent compared with young Fischer 344 (F344) rats (Kenney MJ and Fels RJ. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283: R513-R520, 2002). Central mechanisms by which aging alters visceral SND responses to heating are unknown. We tested...

The phase relations between the cardiac cycle and sympathetic nervous discharge (SND) were studied with an average-response computer in the anesthetized cat. Maximum SND occurred during early diastole at heart rates between 3 and 4 beats/s. Dramatic shifts in the phase relations between SND and the cardiac cycle accompanied the decrease in heart rate produced by stimulation of the distal end of...

BACKGROUND In patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (Paf), the identification of the coexistence of sinus node dysfunction (SND) has therapeutic implications. This study sought to prospectively determine whether SND in patients with Paf would be identified by use of atrial early potential (EP), low-amplitude potentials early in signal-averaged P wave. METHODS The study population consi...

In the present study, we investigated the contributions of forebrain, brain stem, and spinal neural circuits to heating-induced sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) responses in chloralose-anesthetized rats. Frequency characteristics of renal and splenic SND bursts and the level of activity in these nerves were determined in midbrain-transected (superior colliculus), spinal cord-transected [first ...

During China’s rapid economic development and urbanization, numerous cases of urban malodorous black river (MBR) have occurred. MBR refers to a polluted that smells bad, is almost in color, has no aquatic plants or animals, consequently causes many social environmental problems. The Chinese government sought public participation during the whole process treatment as part comprehensive action pl...