Membrane distillation crystallization (MDC) is a promising hybrid separation technology that can play an important role in desalination, mineral recovery from liquid solution as well carbon dioxide fixation. MDC combines membrane and crystallizer into one integrated unit allows excellent of clean water high purity salt highly concentrated salts (i.e., brine), which otherwise detrimental when di...

Urine contains compounds that modulate the nucleation, growth and aggregation of crystals as well as their attachment to renal epithelial cells. These compounds may function to protect the kidneys against: 1, the possibility of crystallization in tubular fluid and urine, which are generally metastable with respect to calcium salts, 2, crystal retention within the kidneys thereby preventing ston...