These lecture notes form a primer on the theory of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy formation. With emphasis on conceptual aspects rather than technical issues, we examine the physical foundations of anisotropy evolution in relativistic kinetic and perturbation theory as well as the manifestation of these principles in primary and secondary anisotropies. We discuss gauge choice and ...

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative condition that is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main risk factor for the development and progression of the disease. Methods to lower IOP remain the first line treatments for the condition. Current methods of IOP measurement do not permit temporary noninvasive monitoring 24-hour IOP on a periodic...

In recent years, a very large amount of scientific work has been achieved around Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). Some industrial success stories (accelerometers, gyroscopes and MOEMS) have shown their maturity. MEMS are now starting to take place around us in our everyday life as the microelectronic did 20 years ago. However, a lot of effort is still needed for the integration of ICs a...

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to record their pain sensation and to assess children`s reaction objectively and subjectively while receiving dental local anesthesia with 27- and 30-gauge needles. Methods: Forty children (24 boys and 16 girls) participated in this study. A random double-blinded crossover design was used so that each child served as his or her own control, rec...

Submitted for the MAR07 Meeting of The American Physical Society Investigating gecko setae adhesion using a dual-axis MEMS force sensor1 GINEL HILL, DANIEL SOTO, Stanford University, ANNE PEATTIE, ROBERT FULL, University of California, Berkeley, THOMAS KENNY, Stanford University — A dual-axis piezoresistive MEMS force sensor was used to investigate the role of orientation angle on the adhesion ...

In this review paper, several strategies for the implementation of reconfigurable split ring resonators (SRRs) based on RF-MEMS switches are presented. Essentially three types of RF-MEMS combined with split rings are considered: (i) bridge-type RF-MEMS on top of complementary split ring resonators CSRRs; (ii) cantilever-type RF-MEMS on top of SRRs; and (iii) cantilever-type RF-MEMS integrated w...

MEMS resonators have started replacing the quartz crystals and SAW resonators in RF transceivers because of their inherent advantages like high quality factor, small size, robustness and easy integrability with supporting electronics. The paper presents the developments that have taken place in MEMS resonators. Some of the issues in the design and development of electrostatically transduced MEM...

Integrated circuit packaging and their testing is well advanced because of the maturity of the IC industry, their wide applications, and availability of industrial inhstructure. [ 1,2] This is not true for MEMS with respect to packaging and testing. It is more difficult to adopt standardized MEMS device packaging for wide applications although MEMS use many similar technologies to IC packaging....