cells expressing a specific receptor, or do they integrate results of a combination of optical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological experiments to probe AMPA re-sensory stimuli from multiple subpopulations of taste neurons? Hoon et al. have shown that 20%–30% of ceptor occupancy at excitatory hippocampal synapses. They conclude that AMPA receptors are generally far taste receptor cells in...

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often require surgery, and therefore may receive inhalation anesthesia. However, it is currently unknown whether inhalation anesthetics affect the prognosis of the disease. Leucine‑rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) genetic mutations are the most common cause of familial PD, contributing to ~39% of all cases in certain populations. The aim of the present study w...

In the brain, transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) critically influence the distribution, gating, and pharmacology of AMPARs, but the contribution of these auxiliary subunits to AMPAR-mediated signaling in the spinal cord remains unclear. We found that the Type I TARP γ-2 (stargazin) is present in lamina II of the superficial dorsal horn, an area involved in nociception. Consistent w...

The actions of the trivalent cation Gd(3+) on whole cell AMPA receptor-mediated currents were studied in isolated hippocampal neurons, in nucleated or outside-out patches taken from cultured hippocampal neurons, and on miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) recorded in cultured hippocampal neurons. Glutamate, AMPA, or kainate was employed to activate AMPA receptors. Applications of...

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. Alerts: Sign up at eneuro.org/alerts to receive customized email alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is publis...

Depolymerization of actin by latrunculin A transiently promotes neurotransmitter release. The mean rate of mEPSCs increases by a Ca2+-independent process, without a concomitant change in the mean amplitude. The readily releasable vesicle pool size and the rate of refilling of the readily releasable pool remain unaltered by latrunculin treatment. Evoked neurotransmitter release also increases in...

An increasing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that diminished function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the associated increase in glutamate release and overstimulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptors are critical elements of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here, we describe a halogenated derivative of the aromatic ...

Each of the lateral capsular division of central nucleus of amygdala(CeLC), periaqueductal gray (PAG), rostral ventromedial medulla(RVM) and spinal cord has been proved to contribute to the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia(OIH). Especially, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) in CeLC and spinal cord seems to play a key role in OIH modulation. However, the pain pathw...