Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) play important roles in neuroplasticity and the regeneration of nerves. Intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations are regulated by Ca(2+) channels, among them L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, which are inhibited by dihydropyridines like nimodipine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nimodipine on neurite growth during development and regeneration. As...

Animal models are useful for characterizing neural substrates of neuropsychiatric disorders. Several models have been proposed for the study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The models can be divided into various groups: (i) genetically derived hyperactivity/ inattention, (ii) animal models showing symptoms after pharmacological intervention, and (iii) those based on spontane...

in plants, γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is synthesized by polyamine degradation pathway besides gaba shunt. aminoguanidine (ag) is a specific inhibitor of the key enzyme (diamine oxidase, dao) for gaba formation in polyamine degradation pathway. in this study, ag was applied to study the functions of polyamine degradation pathway on growth and gaba accumulation in germinating fava bean under hypo...

With genesis in the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), the neurotransmitter dopamine influences brain function through three distinct pathways: the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical. Dopamine plays a crucial role in a range of functions, for example: reward-related processing (Schultz et al., 1997) and reinforcement learning (Montague et al., 1996; Fr...

mycobacterium tuberculosis, the main cause of tuberculosis (tb), has still remained a global health crisis especially in developing countries. tuberculosis treatment is a laborious and lengthy process with high risk of non compliance, cytotoxicity adverse events and drug resistance in patient. recently, there has been an alarming rise of drug resistant in tb. in this regard, it is an unmet need...

apoptosis or programmed cell death is a gene regulated phenomenon which is important in both physiological and pathological conditions. it is characterized by distinct morphological features including chromatin condensation, cell and nuclear shrinkage, membrane blebbing and oligonucleosomal dna fragmentation. although, two major apoptotic pathways including 1) the death receptor (extrinsic) and...

punica granatum (pg), commonly known as pomegranate (pg), is a member of the monogeneric family, punicaceae, and is mainly found in iran which is considered to be its primary centre of origin. pg and its chemical components possess various pharmacological and toxicological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines), anti-cancer and anti-angiog...

objectives: auditory brain stem response (abr) is a result of eight nerve and brain stem nuclei stimulation. several factors may affect the latencies, interpeak latencies and amplitudes in abr especially sex and age. in this study, age and sex influence on abr were studied. methods: this study was performed on 120 cases (60 males and 60 females) at akhavan rehabilitation center of university of...