Correlating gene expression with cell behavior is ideally done at the single-cell level. However, this is not easily achieved because the small amount of labile mRNA present in a single cell (1-5% of 1-50 pg total RNA, or 0.01-2.5 pg mRNA, per cell) mostly degrades before it can be reverse transcribed into a stable cDNA copy. For example, using standard laboratory reagents and hardware, only a ...

V-TiO2 photocatalyst with 0 ≤ V 20 mol% was prepared via the sol–gel method based on mixed oxide titanium–vanadium nanoparticles size and composition control. The vanadium–titanium oxo-alkoxy nanonoparticles were generated in a chemical micromixing reactor, coated glass beads liquid colloid deposition underwent to an appropriate thermal treatment forming crystallized nanocoatings. X-ray diffrac...

The well-known Villermaux–Dushman system is nowadays widely used for examining the micromixing efficiency either in batch or continuous intensified reactors. However, a bibliographic review shows that kinetic data are too scattered reliable determination of times. Dushman reaction kinetics then reexamined with use sulfuric and perchloric acids. results confirm fifth-order rate law. More precise...

Today, increasing energy costs require effective processes, especially in chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Particularly, energy-intensive mixing processes offer high potential for optimization. Despite great efforts of research mixing of liquid-liquid components is not completely predictable. To construct mixing systems, empiricism is used rather than basic knowledge. Local mixing qualit...

Recently, a novel way of driving rapid microcentrifugation was discovered using ionic wind via ionization of the atmosphere around a singular electrode tip, driving liquid recirculation in a small cylindrical cavity due to interfacial shear. In the original work, the primary azimuthal surface recirculation was speculated to drive a secondary flow in the bulk of the liquid which resembles a heli...

We demonstrate that surface acoustic waves (SAWs), nanometer amplitude Rayleigh waves driven at megahertz order frequencies propagating on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate, offer a powerful method for driving a host of extremely fast microfluidic actuation and microbioparticle manipulation schemes. We show that sessile drops can be translated rapidly on planar substrates or fluid can be...

A thermophysical model is developed that can predict the properties of two lignin mixtures, black liquor and lignosulfonates, up to 50% mass fractions, at hydrothermal conditions. An uncertainty quantification framework linked with classic thermodynamical modelling was included account for extreme variability raw material. idealised flow simulation verified model, where hot compressed water mix...