The Hawaz Formation comprises a siliciclastic, shallow to transitional marginal marine succession, deposited on the north-western cratonic margin of Gondwana during Middle Ordovician. This unit is well documented in north central part Murzuq Basin, where it often dramatically truncated by Late Ordovician glaciation unconformities, generating major discontinuity, not only studied area but also a...

The early Paleozoic Terskey Suture zone, located in the southern part of Northern Tien Shan domain Kyrgyzstan, comprises tectonic slivers dismembered ophiolites and associated primitive volcanics deep-marine sediments. In Lake Songkul area, early-middle Cambrian pillow basalts are crosscut by Songkultau intrusion coarse-grained gneissose quartz diorites tonalites with geochemical characteristic...

Ordovician and Silurian glacial erratics of the Laerheide area (Lower Saxony, north-western Germany) bear well-preserved graptolites. The faunas provide important information on the origin and transport direction of the sediments preserved in a kame, representing the Drenthe stadial of the Saalian glaciation. The faunas even include species not commonly encountered in the successions of mainlan...

animal life on land. The current benchmark for evidence of plants on land is about 450,000,000 years ago (Late Ordovician). Tantalizing microscopic fossils of chemically resistant spore walls occur in land-derived rocks around the world, and predate this Late Ordovician age by over 50,000,000 years (Upper Cambrian) and possibly beyond. Figuring out what kinds of organisms (algae, primitive plan...

Morphological similarities indicate that Palaeozoic problematic tubeworms, e.g. tentaculitids, cornulitids, microconchids, trypanoporids, Anticalyptraea, and Tymbochoos, form a monophyletic group. This group may also include hederelloids. Members of this group share affinities with lophophorates and their evolution could have partly been driven by predation. The extinction of Palaeozoic tubewor...