In the framework of missing data imputation, Rubin [7] formalized three types of missing data mechanisms upon definition of a missing data indicator matrix pointing out the missing-ness in the data matrix, assigning it a random variable with a conditional probability distribution given the data matrix depending on unknown parameters. Within Rubin’s paradigm, missing data imputation can be under...

Missing data pose a potential threat to learning and classification in that they may compromise the ability of a system to develop robust, generalized models of the environment in which they operate. This investigation reports on the effects of three approaches to covering these data using an XCS-style learning classifier system. Using fabricated datasets representing a wide range of missing va...

In the title compound, C(19)H(15)BrO(3), the dihedral angle between the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring is 62.51 (8)°. The bridging carbonyl C-C(=O)-C plane makes dihedral angles of 47.07 (6)° with the naphthalene ring system and 24.20 (10)° with the benzene ring. A weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond exists between the H atom of one meth-oxy group and the O atom of the other ...

Dynamical quantum jumps were initially conceived by Bohr as objective events associated with the emission of a light quantum by an atom. Since the early 1990s they have come to be understood as being associated rather with the detection of a photon by a measurement device, and that different detection schemes result in different types of jumps (or diffusion). Here we propose experimental tests ...

Atomically‐dispersed heterogeneous metal catalysts can be considered as an “upgraded” version of classical solid catalysts. Unlike traditional metallic that contain nanoparticles or bulk micro‐sized transition species, the active sites these novel types are atomically distributed on support’s surface. This provides several advantages compared to such higher activity and need for just very small...

Missing data are ubiquitous in clinical epidemiological research. Individuals with missing data may differ from those with no missing data in terms of the outcome of interest and prognosis in general. Missing data are often categorized into the following three types: missing completely at random (MCAR), missing at random (MAR), and missing not at random (MNAR). In clinical epidemiological resea...

We present a formalism to compute the probability of an amino acid sequence conformation being native-like, given a set of pairwise atom-atom distances. The formalism is used to derive three discriminatory functions with different types of representations for the atom-atom contacts observed in a database of protein structures. These functions include two virtual atom representations and one all...