When I tell you that it’s raining, I describe a way the world is—viz., rainy. I say something factual, something whose truth turns on how things are with some aspect of the world. Likewise when I tell you that the weatherman thinks that it’s raining. Here the truth of what I say turns on a different feature of the world, namely, the weatherman’s state of mind. Likewise when I tell you that I th...

The concept of essence has played an important role in the history and development of philosophy; and in no branch of the discipline is its importance more manifest than in metaphysics. Its significance for metaphysics is perhaps attributable to two main sources. In the first place, the concept may be used to characterize what the subject, or at least part of it, is about. For one of the centra...

survey of physical modality impact accompanied by selected exercise training on treatment of chronic mechanical low back pain in women    tofighi a [1] *, kashef mm [2] , aghazade shotlou z [3] , assemi a [4]    received : 16 may , 2011 accepted: 6 jluy , 2011   abstract  background & aims: training and exercise treatment is the major recommended procedure for low back pain that has improvable ...