iv PENELOPE-2008: A CODE SYSTEM FOR MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF ELECTRON AND PHOTON TRANSPORT – © OECD/NEA 2008 Abstract The computer code system PENELOPE (version 2008) performs Monte Carlo simulation of coupled electron-photon transport in arbitrary materials for a wide energy range, from a few hundred eV to about 1 GeV. Photon transport is simulated by means of the standard, detailed simulatio...

Background: Radiotherapy is an important technique of cancer treatment using ionizing radiation. The determination of total dose in reference conditions is an important contribution to uncertainty that could achieve 2%. The source of this uncertainty comes from cavity theory that relates the in-air cavity dose and the dose to water. These correction factors are determined from Monte Carlo calcu...

monte carlo methods designed base on stochastic reiterations and can be useful in uncertainty conditions. the purpose of this research was investigation of uncertainty to rank desertification indicators. in order to decrease uncertainty have been applied monte carlo reiterations for each value of indicator, if rank of xi is higher than rank of xk constantly. using multi dimension integrals the ...

background: in treating patients with radiation, the degree of accuracy for the delivery of tumor dose is recommended to be within ± 5% by icru in report 24. the experimental studies have shown that the presence of low-density inhomogeneity in areas such as the lung can lead to a greater than 30% change in the water dose data. therefore, inhomogeneity corrections should be used in treatment pla...