Personality changes, psychiatric disturbances and cognitive abnormalities frequently characterise the prodromal phase in Huntington's disease (HD), a devastating monogenic neurodegenerative disorder manifesting with abnormal motor movements and early death. Selective loss of medium-sized spiny striatal neurons has been related to the onset of motor symptoms but it does not completely explain th...

Eye movement abnormalities constitute an important clinical sign that can be a manifestation of dysfunction of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI (the 3 ocular motor nerves). Specific motility deficits often have highly localizing value within the neuroaxis, serving to refine a differential diagnosis and guide management. This article reviews the key anatomic concepts, clinical presentation, differ...

Schizophrenia is often associated with difficulties in distinguishing between actions of self and of others. This could reflect dysfunction of the mirror neuron system which directly matches observed and executed actions. We studied 11 people with schizophrenia and their co-twins without manifest disease, using stimulus-induced changes in the magnetoencephalographic approximately 20 Hz rhythm a...

Recently, much attention has been paid to not only motor symptoms but also Non-Motor Symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson’s disease [1]. NMS include sleep disorders, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, sensory impairment, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatric symptoms include depression, apathy, anxiety, anhedonia, attention deficit, hallucinations, confusion, Impulse Control Disorders (ICD)...

Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound has several pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, curcumin shows poor oral bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of highly bioavailable curcumin, Theracurmin(®), and curcumin, against sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced oxidative damage in mice brain. Int...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multi-systemic disorder that is characterized by a combination of motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS). The dopaminergic neurodegeneration of PD is involved in the genesis of NMS, but other conditions and side effects of levodopa are also associated with NMS. NMS can develop at all stage of PD and rapid eyeball movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), constipation, de...

The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with defective attention and response inhibition and motor restlessness. Inattention, defective response inhibition, and impersistence are more commonly seen in adults with right than with left hemisphere dysfunction. In light of this fact and because children with ADHD not only appear to demonstrate these symptoms but also negle...

Gastrointestinal (GI) sensory-motor abnormalities are common in patients with diabetes mellitus and may involve any part of the GI tract. Abnormalities are frequently sub-clinical, and fortunately only rarely do severe and life-threatening problems occur. The pathogenesis of abnormal upper GI sensory-motor function in diabetes is incompletely understood and is most likely multi-factorial of ori...

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the frequency of ophthalmologic abnormalities in a cohort of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients and to correlate them with motor function. We reviewed the pathophysiology of cataract and low intraocular pressure (IOP). Method Patients were included after clinical and laboratory diagnosis and after signed informed consent. They were evaluated by Mot...

α-Synuclein (α-Syn) has a critical role in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, which leads to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have shown that bee venom (BV) has beneficial effects on PD symptoms in human patients or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxin-induced PD mice. This study investigated whether treatment with BV-derived phospholipase A2 (...