[1] Precipitation over and near mountains is not caused by topography but, rather, occurs when storms of a type that can occur anywhere (deep convection, fronts, tropical cyclones) form near or move over complex terrain. Deep convective systems occurring near mountains are affected by channeling of airflow near mountains, capping of moist boundary layers by flow subsiding from higher terrain, a...

Mountains are important sources of freshwater for the adjacent lowlands. In view of increasingly scarce freshwater resources, this contribution should be clarified. While earlier studies focused on selected river systems in different climate zones, we attempt here a first spatially explicit, global typology of the so-called ‘‘water towers’’ at the 0.5° x 0.5° resolution in order to identify cri...

Observations and projections for mountain regions show a strong tendency towards upslope displacement of their biomes under future climate conditions. Because of their climatic and topographic heterogeneity, a more complex response is expected for biodiversity hotspots such as tropical mountain regions. This study analyzes potential changes in the distribution of biomes in the Tropical Andes an...

Forest environment classification in mountain regions based on single-sensor remote sensing approaches is hindered by forest complexity and topographic effects. Temperate broadleaf forests in western Asia such as the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran have already suffered from intense anthropogenic activities. In those regions, forests mainly extend in rough terrain and comprise different stand...

Even after a century of intensive study, the problem of the origin of mountain systems remains as possibly the greatest enigma of the earth sciences. Specifically, what is the origin of mountain-building forces, and how are these forces manifested in the crustal rocks of the earth's surface? Field geologists who have studied such classical mountain systems as the Alps and the Appalachians have ...

The study intends to assess water scarcity, seasonal variations, and social conflicts through a cross sectional based on people's perceptions. A well-structured questionnaire coupled with an interview schedule was used for data collection from the 60 households living in mountainous two villages at Waga union of Kaptai Upazila under Rangamati District, Bangladesh. employed multi-stage random sa...