It is consistent with the axioms of set theory that the circle T can be covered by א1 many closed sets of uniqueness while a much larger number of H-sets is necessary to cover it. In the proof of this theorem, the descriptive set theoretic phenomenon of overspill appears, and it is reformulated as a natural forcing preservation principle that persists through the operation of countable support ...

We study a discrete analog of the Lagrange-d’Alembert principle of nonhonolomic mechanics and give conditions for it to define a map and to be reversible. In specific cases it can generate linearly implicit, semi-implicit, or implicit numerical integrators for nonholonomic systems which, in several examples, exhibit superior preservation of the dynamics. We also study discrete nonholonomic syst...

Picking up an object requires two basic motor operations: reaching and grasping. Neurophysiological studies in monkeys have suggested that the visuomotor transformations necessary for these two operations are carried out by separate parietofrontal circuits and that, for grasping, a key role is played by a specific sector of the ventral premotor cortex: area F5. The aim of the present study was ...

objective: orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (oiirr) is considered to be an important sequel associated with orthodontic tooth movement (otm). otm after socket preservation enhances the periodontal condition before orthodontic space closure. the purpose of this study is to investigate the histologic effects of nanobone®, a new highly nonsintered porous nano-crystalline hydrox...

Patients with Rett syndrome are known to respond well to music irrespective of their physical and verbal disabilities. Therefore, the relationship between auditory rhythm and their behavior was investigated employing a two-dimensional motion analysis system. Ten female patients aged from three to 17 years were included. When music with a simple regular rhythm started, body rocking appeared auto...

Movement kinematics of the transport and manipulation components of a double-step prehension task were studied in eight Parkinson patients and eight control subjects. The aims were to (a) assess the effects of a spatial perturbation upon the movement for the two groups and (b) add data to the controversy about the damage/preservation of predictive behaviour in Parkinson patients. The results sh...

The British Library is increasingly a digital library. Over past decades, it has built up significant collections of digital content covering a very wide range of content types. In addition to the increasing amounts of digital content acquired by purchase or donation, the Library and its partners have also invested heavily in the digitization of selected collection content, helping to create la...

This paper presents the principle of symbol grounding in robots. If a robot does not understand words, the robot cannot autonomously talk in the physical world. Understanding language symbols is a necessary condition for autonomous conversations. First, how humans understand language symbols is briefly studied. Humans’ symbol manipulation is based on imagination. Recent brain science shows that...

Chondroma of soft tissue is rare. We report a patient in whom a chondroma occurred within the flexor tendon sheath of the index finger. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the extent of the tumor, which wrapped around flexor tendons within the sheath, but did not invade either tendons or sheath. Total excision was done with preservation of the flexors and flexor tendon sheath. After the operation...