We investigate the environmental impacts of several forms of policies that offer farmers subsides in return for adoption of conservation tillage. The policies differ on whether the tillage practice or one of the environmental benefits is targeted. We develop an environmental Lorenz curve that fully represents the performance of the targeting policies, and we show that these curves can be used d...

background a high proportion of patients suffering from end stage liver disease are from low socioeconomic classes , which limits their access to liver transplantation as the most effctive treatment of this condition because of cost barrier. objectives one of the most challenging aspects of liver transplantation is its affordability and utilization by those who need it the most. patients and me...

Purpose: To identify the size of food gap for main agricultural products and crops in Iraq, which reflects to us extent production particular sector general have declined.Theoretical framework: The theoretical side research dealt with definition self-sufficiency gap, as well identifying reality Iraq during study period, most important agricultural, plant animal products.Design/methodology/appro...

That public health policy and practice should be evidence based is a seemingly uncontroversial claim. Yet governments and citizens routinely reject the best available evidence and prefer policies that reflect other considerations and concerns. The most common explanations of this paradox emphasise scientific disagreement, the power of 'politics', or the belief that scientists and policymakers l...

Introduction 1. The long-run historical record 2. International perspective: the role of growth and fiscal policy 3. Other reasons for the decline in saving 3.1 Credit and insurance markets 3.2 Social security 3.3 Demographic factors 4. Do micro data help us to understand the decline in saving?

Economic interest in innovation policy largely arises from the fundamental importance of innovation to social welfare and from inefficiencies in innovation in a competitive market environment. As a result, a wide variety of public innovation policies are used in practice. This study reviews the economic justifications for public innovation policies and compares the existing policy tools, paying...

introduction social development is a phenomenon having close relationship with ways and how the people live in a society. the main goal of  social development is to upgrade the levels of general livings’ status by creating preferred conditions based on accepted values.focuses must be on: reducing poverty and improving the qualities of nutrition, hygiene, housing, occupation, education and fruit...

Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 22, No. 4, 537–550 (2003) © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/pam.10153 Manuscript received December 2001; out for review December 2001; review complete May 2002; revision complete December 2002; acc...