Multivalent carbohydrate–lectin interactions are essential for a multitude of biological recognition events. Much effort has been spent in the synthesis of potent multivalent scaffolds in order to mimic or inhibit biological carbohydrate–protein interactions. However, the defined spatial presentation of carbohydrates remained a challenging task. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA)and DNA-based double he...

We predict streaming current inversion with multivalent counterions in hydrodynamically driven polymer translocation events from a correlation-corrected charge transport theory including charge fluctuations around mean-field electrostatics. In the presence of multivalent counterions, electrostatic many-body effects result in the reversal of the DNA charge. The attraction of anions to the charge...

Multivalent interactions are omnipresent in biology and confer biological systems with dramatically enhanced affinities towards different receptors. Such multivalent binding interactions have lately been considered for the development of new therapeutic strategies against bacterial and viral infections. Multivalent polymers, dendrimers, and liposomes have successfully targeted pathogenic intera...

Processes such as cell-cell recognition and the initiation of signal transduction often depend on the formation of multiple receptor-ligand complexes at the cell surface. Synthetic multivalent ligands are unique probes of these complex cell-surface-binding events. Multivalent ligands can be used as inhibitors of receptor-ligand interactions or as activators of signal transduction pathways. Emer...

Multivalency is widely used in nature in specific recognition processes. This paper describes an approach to multivalency in the pentameric 5-HT3 receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel, which constitutes an example of intrinsically multivalent biological receptors. Owing to the picomolar Ki value, TETRA-L represents an outstanding multivalent ligand for the neurotransmitter receptor.

A combination of classical site-directed mutagenesis, genetic code engineering and bioorthogonal reactions delivered a chemically modified barstar protein with one or four carbohydrates installed at specific residues. These protein conjugates were employed in multivalent binding studies, which support the use of proteins as structurally defined scaffolds for the presentation of multivalent liga...

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been coated with a low affinity CXCR4 receptor antagonist to give high multivalent binding construct.

Making use of a certain fractional calculus operator, we introduce two new subclasses Mδ(p;λ, μ, η) and Tδ(p;λ, μ, η) of analytic and p−valent functions in the open unit disk. The results investigated exhibit the sufficiency conditions for a function to belong to each of these classes. Several geometric properties of such multivalent functions follow, and these consequences are also mentioned.