In appendiceal cancers, the most frequently mutated genes are (i) KRAS, which, when reactivated, restores signal transduction via RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway and stimulates cell proliferation in early stages of tumor transformation, then angiogenesis; (ii) TP53, whose inactivation leads to inhibition programmed death; (iii) GNAS, links cAMP pathway, stimulating (iv) SMAD4, exhibiting typi...

Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) as a powerful technique was used to change two important and conserved amino acids in 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3- phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene of E. coli. The mutations changed glycine 96 to alanine and alanine 183 to threonine. These two amino acids are very important for intraction of the wide spectrum herbicide, glyphosate, to EPSP synthase enzymes. By design...

Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) are chromaffin-cell tumors that arise from the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. The dysfunction of genes involved in the cellular response to hypoxia, such as VHL, EGL nine homolog 1, and the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) genes, leads to a direct abrogation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) degradation, resulting in ...

T h e ras genes encode 21-kD GTPbinding proteins (p21 ras) that cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form. The p21 ras proteins are thought to play an important role in signal transduction that eventually controls proliferation and differentiation of many different cells. The ras (pro to -onco)genes can be activated as oncogenes by simple point mutations, which subst...

We used whole-exome and targeted sequencing to characterize somatic mutations in 103 colorectal cancers (CRC) from African Americans, identifying 20 new genes as significantly mutated in CRC. Resequencing 129 Caucasian derived CRCs confirmed a 15-gene set as a preferential target for mutations in African American CRCs. Two predominant genes, ephrin type A receptor 6 (EPHA6) and folliculin (FLCN...

Hepatocytes of the periportal and perivenous zones of the liver lobule differ in their levels and activities of various enzymes and other proteins. We have recently suggested that beta-catenin- and Ras-dependent signaling pathways play an important role in the regulation of perivenous and periportal gene expression profiles. This hypothesis was primarily based on similarities in zonal differenc...

Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) caused by Acidovorax citrulli is a worldwide threat to watermelon and melon production. The type III secretion system (T3SS) plays an important role in the virulence of A. its host plants induce hypersensitive response (HR) non-host plants. Little known, however, about contribution T3SS biofilm formation . We mutated two T3SS-related genes hrcJ hrpE , respectively, ...

Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche spp. are obligate plant root-parasitic weeds that cause extensive damage in agricultural crop plants. Their germination requires exposure to strigolactones (SLs) exuded by the host roots. Here we studied genes tomato involved SL exudation their impact on parasitic weeds. We provide evidence CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of two homologous ATP-bind...

Two amber mutations have been mapped inside the spcA-strA region (now called rpsE-rpsL) on the bacterial genome. Derivatives of the transducing phage lambda fus3 carrying each mutation were constructed and assayed in ultraviolet-irradiated bacteria to identify the mutated genes and measure the polarity of the mutations. The data indicated that both mutations, 3162(Am) and 3161(Am), affect genes...

In recent decades we have been given insight into the process that transforms a normal cell into a malignant cancer cell. It has been recognised that malignant transformation occurs through successive mutations in specific cellular genes, leading to the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. The further study of these genes has generated much of its excitement from ...