Yusuf M. Juwayeyi. Archaeology and Oral Tradition in Malawi: Origins Early History of the Chewa. Suffolk: James Currey, 2020. vii + 242 pp. Photographs. Maps. Bibliography. Appendix. $37.95 Paper. ISBN: 978-1847013507.

Africa is a continent known for its rich oral arts. Proverbs are the most widely and commonly used in the continent’s long-standing tradition of oral arts. Among such oral arts, the African proverbs have been facilitating the transmission of knowledge and conventions from generation to generation. This paper analyzes the role of African proverbs in creating and perpetuating gendered culture. Th...

Engel et al. (1999) claim that ‘‘appropriate synchronization among cortical neurons may be one of the necessary conditions for the buildup of perceptual states and awareness of sensory stimuli.’’ The question I wish to examine in this brief comment is exactly what they mean by a ‘‘necessary condition’’ for consciousness. For example, gravity is surely necessary for human consciousness, for with...