This paper presents the results of a clinical, observational, descriptive study to quantify the use patterns of electronic cigarette users in their natural environment. Previously published work regarding puff topography has been widely indirect in nature, and qualitative rather than quantitative, with the exception of three studies conducted in a laboratory environment for limited amounts of t...

The emerging field of high-throughput compartmentalized in vitro evolution, a promising new approach to protein engineering, can be described as a lab-scale mimicking of natural selection processes. Libraries of mutants genotypes are randomly distributed in emulsified droplets, and the selection of desirable variants is achieved by differential amplification according to the phenotype in each m...

Organisms evolve in response to their natural environment. Consideration of natural ecological parameters are thus of key importance for our understanding of an organism's biology. Curiously, the natural ecology of the model species Caenorhabditis elegans has long been neglected, even though this nematode has become one of the most intensively studied models in biological research. This lack of...

The problem of scene analysis has been studied in a number of different fields over the past decades. These studies have led to important insights into problems of scene analysis, but not all of these insights are widely appreciated, and there remain critical shortcomings in current approaches that hinder further progress. Here we take the view that scene analysis is a universal problem solved ...

In early times, scientists considered antibiotic resistance in terms of adaptation to the toxic agents. For instance, Ehrlich worked on development of p-rosaniline resistance to Trypanosoma brucei as early as 1904. The resistance was observed during the treatment of trypanosome infections as the organisms emerged that were resistant to p-rosaniline. The drug inactivation was also discovered ear...

This paper introduces a special programming environment for the definition of grammars and for the implementation of corresponding parsers. In natural language processing systems it is advantageous to have linguistic knowledge and processing mechanisms separated. Our environment accepts grammars consisting of binary dependency relations and grammatical functions. Well-formed expressions of func...

Humans and many animals have forward-facing eyes providing different views of the environment. Precise depth estimates can be derived from the resulting binocular disparities, but determining which parts of the two retinal images correspond to one another is computationally challenging. To aid the computation, the visual system focuses the search on a small range of disparities. We asked whethe...

Received: 03 September 2014; accepted: 15 September 2014; published online: 09 October 2014. Citation: Lewicki MS (2014) Corrigendum: Scene analysis in the natural environment. Front. Psychol. 5:1119. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01119 This article was submitted to Perception Science, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology. Copyright © 2014 Lewicki. This is an open-access article distribut...

Natural Expert is a product that allows users to build knowledge based systems. It uses a lazy functional language, Natural Expert Language, to implement backward chaining and provide a reliable knowledge processing environment in which development can take place. Customers from all over the world buy the system and have used it to handle a variety of problems, including applications such as ai...