In this paper we discuss natural language watermarking, which uses the structure of the sentence constituents in natural language text in order to insert a watermark. This approach is different from techniques, collectively referred to as “text watermarking,” which embed information by modifying the appearance of text elements, such as lines, words, or characters. We provide a survey of the cur...

In this paper, we study the problem of structural analysis of Web documents aiming at extracting the sectional hierarchy of a document. In general, a document can be represented as a hierarchy of sections and subsections with corresponding headings and subheadings. We developed two machine learning models: heading extraction model and hierarchy extraction model. Heading extraction was formulate...

The multiplicity of software projects’ stakeholders and activities leads to the multiplicity of software specification views and thus creates the need to establish mutual consistency between them. The process of establishing such consistency is error-prone and requires adequate tool support. The present article introduces specogramming – an approach that treats a modern object-oriented integrat...

Natural languages are the latest generation of programming languages, which require processing real human natural expressions. Over the years, several groups or researchers have been trying to develop widely accepted natural languages based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). But, no true natural language has been developed. The goal of this work is to design a natural language preprocessing archi...

Information Retrieval (IR) in this collection of 14 original papers is broadly construed to include document retrieval, information extraction, question answering, clustering and classification. In the introduction Strzalkowski asks the provocative question Why hasn't NLP had more success in IR?, the answer to which ought to be of interest to readers of Computational Linguistics. Unfortunately,...

The book begins with a declaration that “the intended audience of the book is natural language processing specialists who want to move into the biomedical domain.” It is indeed a great introductory textbook to the field of biomedical natural language processing (NLP), particularly for NLP specialists. Browsing the contents, many NLP specialists will find the titles of chapters familiar: “Named ...

4.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 4.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 4.2 Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 4.2.1 Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 4.2.2 Determinization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 4.2.3 Weight pu...

A computer programming system called the "Natural Language Computer" (NLC) is described which allows a user to type English commands while watching them executed on sample data appearing on a display screen. Direct visual feedback enables the user to detect most misinterpretation errors as they are made so that incorrect or ambiguous commands can be retyped or clarified immediately. A sequence ...

Except for the final presentation by Hovy, this session focussed on the use of superficial features of Natural Language in text processing (messages, in the case of the first two presentations, unrestricted text in the case of the second two). This is a very brief summary of a moderator 's view of the action. The first presentation was given by Ralph Grishman (NYU) describing work done by himse...