The M genome segment of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV)-the prototype of both the Bunyaviridae family and the Orthobunyavirus genus-encodes the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) that is proteolytically cleaved to yield two viral structural glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, and a nonstructural protein, NSm. The cleavage mechanism of orthobunyavirus GPCs and the host proteases involved have not been clarified. In thi...

We investigate some aspects of interexpressiveness of languages and their (denotational) semantic models by viewing semantic functions from a complexity-theory viewpoint. We classify semantic functions as polynomial or nite if a language term of size n produces a metalanguage object respectively polynomially bounded in n or nite. Languages involving concurrency manifest most interest which we a...

This paper shows how a fully abstract model for a rich metalanguage like FPC can be used to prove theorems about other languages. In particular, we use results obtained from a game semantics of FPC to show that the natural translation of the lazy-calculus into the metalanguage is fully abstract, thus obtaining a new full abstraction result from an old one. The proofs involved are very easy|all ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the oncologic safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) for breast cancer patients based on current literature. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature search of Medline, Embase databases was conducted for studies published through March 2014. STUDY SELECTION Our search criteria included English-language studies that focused on NSM at nipple-areola complex (NAC) involv...

The movement protein NSm of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) plays pivotal roles in viral intercellular trafficking. Recently, the TSWV NSm was also identified as an avirulence (Avr) determinant during the Sw-5b-mediated hypersensitive response (HR). However, whether the cell-to-cell movement of NSm is coupled to its function in HR induction remains obscure. Here, we showed that the NSm mu...

BACKGROUND Nipple-sparing mastectomy through an inframammary fold incision (NSM-IMF) with implant-based reconstruction (IBR) is a cosmetically preferable approach to breast cancer treatment in appropriate candidates. However, patients who have undergone prior cosmetic breast surgery (CBS) may be at increased risk for postoperative complications secondary to existing surgical scars. OBJECTIVE ...

Specification of the non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) in sea urchin embryos depends on Delta signaling. Signal reception leads to expression of regulatory genes that later contribute to the aboral NSM regulatory state. In oral NSM, this is replaced by a distinct oral regulatory state in consequence of Nodal signaling. Through regulome wide analysis we identify the homeobox gene not as an immedia...

When humans communicate via natural language, they frequently make use of metalanguage to clarify what they mean and promote a felicitous exchange of ideas. One key aspect of metalanguage is the mention of words and phrases, as distinguished from their use. This paper presents ongoing work on identifying and categorizing instances of languagemention, with the goal of building a system capable o...

This article proposes a hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based on the Nonlinear Simplex Method (NSM). At late stage of PSO running, when the promising regions of solutions have been located, the algorithm isolates particles which are very close to the extrema and applies the NSM to them to enhance the local exploitation. Experimental results on several benchmark functions demonstrate th...