Learning needs assessment is a crucial stage in the educational process that leads to changes in practice, and has become part of government policy for continuing professional development. Learning needs assessment can be undertaken for many reasons, so its purpose should be defined and should determine the method used and the use made of findings. Exclusive reliance on formal needs assessment ...

C hronic transplant glomerulopathy (CTG), investigated in a large single-center study by Akalin et al. (1), is an interesting pathologic lesion that develops in the renal allograft. It is characterized by endothelial cell injury or loss, accumulation of flocculent material in a widened subendothelial space, and mesangial interposition with deposition of new matrix along glomerular capillary wal...

among topics in the field of pragmatics, some seem to be in a more rigorous need of investigation. pragmatic assessment and specifically the issue of pragmatic rating are among issues which deserve more thorough consideration. the purpose of this study was to examine rater criteria and its consistency and variability in the assessment of iranian efl learners’ production of compliments based on ...