Reaching hard-to-reach and high-risk injecting drug users (IDUs) is one of the most important challenges for contemporary needle syringe programs (NSPs). The aim of this review is to examine, based upon the available international experience, the effectiveness of syringe vending machines and mobile van/bus based NSPs in making services more accessible to these hard-to-reach and high-risk groups...

Research has documented the harms associated with performance and image enhancing drug (PIED) use lack of disclosure to healthcare providers (HCPs). Given that relationship between HCPs PIED consumers plays an important role in harm reduction, research is required understand barriers facilitators for engage help-seeking. This qualitative study explored attitudes around current reduction framewo...

BACKGROUND The incidence of HIV among persons who inject drugs (PWIDU) has fallen in many nations, likely due to successes of clean needle/syringe exchange and substance abuse treatment and service programs. However in Pakistan, prevalence rates for PWID have risen dramatically. In several cities, prevalence exceeded 20% by 2009 compared to a 2003 baseline of just 0.5%. However, no cohort study...

Figure 4 4) Constant force on the plunger that automatically depresses when the epidural needle enters the epidural space eliminates the subjective “feel” required with standard LOR syringes. 5) Air Vs Saline: As no subjective feel is required, technically saline is as good as air. Thus by avoiding air complications related to it like, patchy block, risk of venous air embolism can be avoided. 6...

Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and Andes virus (ANDV) cause most of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) cases in North and South America, respectively. The chances of a patient surviving HPS are only two in three. Previously, we demonstrated that SNV and ANDV DNA vaccines encoding the virus envelope glycoproteins elicit high-titer neutralizing antibodies in laboratory animals, and (for ANDV) in non...

This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in evaluation neoplastic cutaneous nodular skin lesions and provide insights from a tertiary care institute. A total 150 patients with were included study, FNAC was performed using 23-gauge needle attached 10-ml syringe. The found that is valuable tool for lesions. It had sensitivity 88% specificity 10...

PURPOSE Presently, no standardized technique exists to monitor injection pressures during peripheral nerve blocks. Our objective was to determine if a compressed air injection technique, using an in vitro model based on Boyle's law and typical regional anesthesia equipment, could consistently maintain injection pressures below a 1293 mmHg level associated with clinically significant nerve injur...

Many procedures involved in the preparation and administration of hazardous drugs put health care workers at risk of exposure to these agents through leakage or accidental spills. The first objective of this study was to determine if the conventional needle/syringe technique has the potential to allow drugs to escape into the environment. The second objective was to evaluate if a closed system,...