While large pre-trained language models (PLM) have shown their great skills at solving discriminative tasks, a significant gap remains when compared with humans for explanation-related tasks. Among them, explaining the reason why statement is wrong (e.g., against commonsense) incredibly challenging. The major difficulty finding conflict point, where contradicts our real world. This paper propos...

We present a discussion of octupole and other O(k2) (k = 2π/λ, where λ is the photon wavelength) corrections to to the angular distribution of photoelectrons from noble-gas atoms. These corrections are characterized by four parameters ∆β, λ, μ, and ν constrained by λ+μ+ν = 0. As an example, we consider photoionization of n = 2 shell of neon for photon energies below 2 keV. The resulting angular...

The combination of several high order harmonics can produce an attosecond pulse train, provided that the harmonics are locked in phase to each other. We present calculations that evaluate the degree of phase locking that is achieved in argon and neon gases interacting with an intense, 50 fs laser pulse, for a range of macroscopic conditions. We find that phase locking depends on both the tempor...

We track the path difference between interferometer arms with few-nanometer accuracy without adding optics to the beam path. We measure the interference of a helium-neon beam that copropagates through the interferometer with midinfrared pulses used for multidimensional spectroscopy. This can indicate motion, but not direction. By oscillating the path length of one arm with a mirror on a piezoel...

From 4-5 June 2002 a group of 22 participants and 3 observers (See appendix) gathered in Boulder, Colorado to develop a plan for standardized equipment needs and measurements for all NEON observatories. As in previous workshops, the group enthusiastically endorsed the proposed development of a national network of ecological observatories. This report provides examples of how NEON will expand re...

To evaluate the isotopic composition of the solar nebula from which the planets formed, the relation between isotopes measured in the solar wind and on the Sun's surface needs to be known. The Genesis Discovery mission returned independent samples of three types of solar wind produced by different solar processes that provide a check on possible isotopic variations, or fractionation, between th...

We report the stopping of an atomic beam, using a series of pulsed electromagnetic coils. We use a supersonic beam of metastable neon created in a gas discharge as a monochromatic source of paramagnetic atoms. A series of coils is fired in a timed sequence to bring the atoms to near rest, where they are detected on a microchannel plate. Applications to fundamental problems in physics and chemis...

Many research and monitoring networks in recent decades have provided publicly available data documenting environmental ecological change, but little is known about the status of efforts to synthesize this information across networks. We convened a working group assess ongoing potential cross-network synthesis outline opportunities challenges for future, focusing on US-based network (the US Lon...