Recent research demonstrated that gas leaking fromunderground can be identified by observing increased stress in overlying vegetation using spectral imaging. This has been accomplishedwith both visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) sunlight reflection and long-wave infrared (LWIR) thermal emission. During a 4-week period in summer 2011, a controlled release experiment was conducted in Bozeman, Montan...

This technique employs principles of optical spectrophotometry which exploits the fact that biological material including skull, is relatively transparent in the near infrared range. Light transmission depends on a combination of reflectance, scattering and absorption effects. Reflectance is primarily a function of the angle of the light beam to the tissue surface, while scattering decreases wi...

The monitoring of pasture status often has relied on the satellite-derived quantity known as the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). However, theoretical modelling of canopy reflectances by Sellers (1985) suggests that NDVI does not provide a good measure of green matter quantity, particularly when the leaf-area index (LAI) is large. For ryegrass/clover pastures in the Waikato region...

Tropical deep convective clouds (DCC) are an excellent invariant target for vicarious calibration of satellite visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) solar bands. The DCC technique (DCCT) is a statistical approach that collectively analyzes all identified DCC pixels on a monthly basis. The DCC reflectance in VIS and NIR spectrums is mainly a function of cloud optical depth, and provides a stable...

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy measures the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths in the range 780-2500 nm. NIR spectra of foods comprise broad bands arising from overlapping absorptions corresponding mainly to overtones and combinations of vibrational modes involving C-H, O-H and N-H chemical bonds. The concentrations of constituents such as water, protein, fat and carbohydr...

A near infrared (NIR) method able to directly quantify the active content in pharmaceutical powder blends used for manufacturing meloxicam tablets, without any sample preparation, was developed and fully validated. To develop calibration models for the assay of meloxicam in powder blends for tableting, the NIR reflectance spectra of different meloxicam powder blends prepared according to a cali...

A multinational collaborative team led by the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention is currently investigating the potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for nontargeted detection of adulterants in skim and nonfat dry milk powder. The development of a compendial method is challenged by the range of authentic or nonadulterated milk powders available worldwide. This paper investigates the sources ...

Canopy chlorophyll content (Chl) closely relates to plant photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen status and productivity. The goal of this study is to develop remote sensing techniques for accurate estimation of canopy Chl during the entire growing season without re-parameterization of algorithms for two contrasting crop species, maize and soybean. These two crops represent different biochemical mec...

Fiber-free non-contact near-infrared (NIR) imaging devices using wide-field detectors are emerging apart from the contact and fiber-based NIR devices. Unlike the fiber-based devices that can image deep tissues, the fiber-free noncontact devices have been used only for subsurface imaging (≤1 cm) to date. A new compact (7 × 8 × 12 cm3) handheld Near-Infrared. Optical Scanner (NIROS) has been deve...

The reflectance spectra of the human skin in visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral region have been calculated using the Monte Carlo technique, and the specular and internal reflection on the medium surface is taken into account. Skin is represented as a complex inhomogeneous multi-layered highly scattering and absorbing medium. The model takes into account variations in spatial distribution...