AMPA and NMDA receptors are the major classes of ionotropic receptors in central glutamatergic synapses1–3. There is now strong evidence from high-resolution immunogold analyses that both receptors are concentrated opposite the presynaptic active zone in a membrane domain that coincides precisely with the postsynaptic density3–9. However, it is not known what factors determine relative density ...

NMDA receptors are composed of two GluN1 (N1) and two GluN2 (N2) subunits. Constituent N2 subunits control the pharmacological and kinetic characteristics of the receptor. NMDA receptors in hippocampal or cortical neurons are often thought of as diheteromeric, meaning that they contain only one type of N2 subunit. However, triheteromeric receptors with more than one type of N2 subunit also have...

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia affecting older adults. also shares a significant association with Major Depressive Disorder. Glutamatergic excitotoxicity via NMDA receptors believed to be key mechanism underlying neurodegeneration in Disease. Blockade by antagonists like Memantine appears inhibit glutamatergic excitotoxicity. increases dopaminergic activation through ag...

NMDA receptors are composed of multiple subunits and are crucial in the induction of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. In this study, application of the group I mGlu receptor agonist, DHPG, caused LTD of NMDA-EPSCs (DHPG-LTDNMDA) of the Schaffer collateral, but not of NMDA-EPSCs of the temperoammonic pathway onto CA1 neurons of the hippocampus. DHPGLTDNMDA did not alter the sensitivi...

At many glutamatergic synapses, non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA receptors are coexpressed postsynaptically. In the mammalian retina, glutamatergic rod bipolar cells are presynaptic to two rod amacrine cells (AII and A17) that constitute dyad postsynaptic partners opposite each presynaptic active zone. Whereas there is strong evidence for expression of non-NMDA receptors by both AII and...

glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration have been shown as pathophysiological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (ms) and other autoimmune inflammatory cns disorders. n‑methyl‑d‑aspartate (nmda) receptors play a pivotal role in the mediation of neuronal glutamate excitotoxicity leading to cellular damage and apoptotic cell death. current treatment approaches targeting glutamate exc...

Small volumes of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptor agonists were applied to localized regions of the dendritic trees of lamprey spinal neurons along their medial-lateral axis to obtain a spatial map of glutamate receptor distribution. Voltage clamp and frequency domain methods were used to obtain quantitative kinetic data of the voltage dependent ionic chan...

AIM To investigate whether in the prefrontal cortical (PFC) pyramidal cells, focal glutamate application to the apical dendrite induces bursting and whether the effect of glutamate involves activation of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. METHODS Pyramidal cells in layers V and VI of the PFC were visualized in rat brain slices using infrared videomicroscopy and recorded with whole-cell electro...

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are present in high density within the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and play an important role in learning and memory. NMDA receptors are negatively affected by aging, but these effects are not uniform in many different ways. This review discusses the selective age-related vulnerabilities of different binding sites of the NMDA receptor complex, different...