Using a human-oriented formal example proof of the (lim +) theorem, i.e. that the sum of limits is the limit of the sum, which is of value for reference on its own, we exhibit a nonpermutability of β-steps and δ+-steps (according to Smullyan’s classification), which is not visible with non-liberalized δ-rules and not serious with further liberalized δ-rules, such as the δ+ + -rule. Besides a ca...

The paper focuses on discrete-type approximations of solutions to non-homogeneous stochastic differential equations (SDEs) involving fractional Brownian motion (fBm). We prove that the rate of convergence for Euler approximations of solutions of pathwise SDEs driven by fBm with Hurst index H > 1/2 can be estimated by O(δ) (δ is the diameter of partition). For discrete-time approximations of Sko...

background: noninvasive techniques for the localization of the accessory pathways (aps) might help guide mapping procedures and ablation techniques. we sought to examine the diagnostic accuracy of strain imaging for the localization of the aps in wolff-parkinson-white syndrome. methods: w e prospectively studied 25 patients (mean age = 32 ± 17 years, 58.3% men) with evidence of pre-excitation o...

RATIONALE Milling of wood samples is a widely applied preparation method for pooling tree-rings from different trees or periods of several years for determination of δ(13)C and δ(18)O values. In this study, whole wood samples were milled using different procedures in order to evaluate potential effects of this preparation method on δ(13)C and δ(18)O values. METHODS Subsamples of a 5 cm(3) woo...

Due to the existence of isotope effects on some metabolic pathways of amino acid and protein metabolism, animal tissues are (15)N-enriched relative to their dietary nitrogen sources and this (15)N enrichment varies among different tissues and metabolic pools. The magnitude of the tissue-to-diet discrimination (Δ(15)N) has also been shown to depend on dietary factors. Since dietary protein sourc...

I describe a general formalism for galaxy biasing [20] and its application to measurements of β (≡ Ω/b), e.g., via direct comparisons of light and mass and via redshift distortions. The linear and deterministic relation g = bδ between the density fluctuation fields of galaxies g and mass δ is replaced by the conditional distribution P (g|δ) of these as random fields, smoothed at a given scale a...

Insect gut microbes have been shown to provide nutrients such as essential amino acids (EAAs) to their hosts. How this symbiotic nutrient provisioning tracks with the host's demand is not well understood. In this study, we investigated microbial essential amino acid (EAA) provisioning in omnivorous American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), fed low-quality (LQD) and comparatively higher-qual...

Many bird species show spatial or habitat segregation of the sexes during the non-breeding season. One potential ecological explanation is that differences in bill morphology favour foraging niche specialisation and segregation. Western sandpipers Calidris mauri have pronounced bill size dimorphism, with female bills averaging 15% longer than those of males. The sexes differ in foraging behavio...