This paper provides an empirical examination of the frequency and determinants of two forms of non-price rationing in rural credit markets in northern Peru. Quantity rationing is the conventional form of non-price rationing whereby a household with positive demand for credit is denied access. Risk rationing, in contrast, occurs when a household voluntarily withdraws from the credit market for f...

In the light of Basel II, redesigning rating systems has been becoming an important issue for banks and other financial institutions. The available data base for this task typically contains only the accepted credit applicants and is thus censored. To evaluate existing and alternative rating systems, we would actually need the full data base of all past credit applicants. In this paper we discu...

We consider a set U of users connected in a social network GS = (U,F ), where the social link set F ⊂ U × U defines the friends relations between users. If user i treats j as his friend, i connects to j through a directed link 〈i, j〉 ∈ F . Suppose each user can provide some services, and also want to consume some services provided by other users. We can define a demand graph GD = (U,D), where D...

Background: One of the most important nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems is vitamin A, and is considered as an important dietary agent for reducing cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the serum vitamin A status in women who used low-dose oral contraceptives (OCs) containing 0.15 mg levonorgestrol and 0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol and also in...

With the rise and swift growth of E-Commerce, credit card uses for online purchases has increased dramatically and it caused sudden outbreak in the credit card fraud. Fraud is one of the major ethical issues in the credit card industry. With both online as well as regular purchase, credit card becomes the most popular mode of payment with cases of fraud associated with it are also increasing. A...