security building processes after world war ii, were under the influence of realistic thoughts. this was considered a reaction to idealistic and institutional approaches. critical school attempted to criticize classical and structural realism. new security theoreticians emphasize on extended subjects and diverse threats and believe it to be beyond the competition of countries. they believe that...

We have assembled extensive information on the cycles of seven industrial metals in 49 countries, territories, or groups of countries, drawn from a database of some 200,000 material flows, and have devised analytical approaches to treat the suite of metals as composing an approach to a national "materials metabolism." We demonstrate that in some of the more developed countries, per capita metal...

The measure of value called emergy is used to evaluate the flows of energy and resources that sustain the biosphere including the economy of humans. A donor system of value based on solar emergy required to produce things is suggested as the only means of reversing the logic trap inherent in economic valuation, which suggests that value stems only from utilization by humans. The stocks of natur...

In the multi-mode resource-constrained multi-project scheduling (MMRCMPSP) problem we have to find execution modes and starting times for the jobs of multiple projects, such that the total project delay is minimized. The delay of a project is the difference between its makespan and a lower bound on its duration. A secondary objective is to minimize the total makespan of all projects. The jobs o...

A dynamic farm production model analyzes the interaction between the externalities caused by pest mobility and the development of pesticide resistance, a nonrenewable resource, in the context of agricultural biotechnologies. The model measures the effect of farmers’ myopic behavior and the impact of pest mobility on the path of resistance.

Plant-based diets in comparison to diets rich in animal products are more sustainable because they use many fewer natural resources and are less taxing on the environment. Given the global population explosion and increase in wealth, there is an increased demand for foods of animal origin. Environmental data are rapidly accumulating on the unsustainability of current worldwide food consumption ...

Attempts to increase food crop yields by intensifying agricultural systems using high inputs of nonrenewable resources and chemicals frequently lead to de-gradation of natural resources, whereas most technological innovations are not accessible for smallholders that represent the majority of farmers world wide. Alternatively, cocultures consisting of assemblages of plant and animal species can ...

This paper deals with the Extended Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (ERCPSP) which is defined by events, nonrenewable resources and precedence constraints between pairs of events. The availability a resource depleted replenished at occurrence times set decision problem ERCPSP consists determining whether an instance has feasible schedule or not. When there only one resource, this...

Containers in Linux are under active development and have different uses like security, isolation and resource guarantees. In order to provide a resource guarantee for containers, resource controllers are used as basic building blocks to monitor and control utilization of system resources like CPU time, resident memory and I/O bandwidth, among others. While CPU time and I/O bandwidth are renewa...

In this paper, the multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem with discounted cash flows is considered. The objective is the maximization of the net present value of all cash flows. Time value of money is taken into consideration, and cash inand outflows are associated with activities and/or events. The resources can be of renewable, nonrenewable, and doubly constrained resource...