[1] Paleoclimate records from glacial Indian and Pacific oceans sediments document millennial-scale fluctuations of subsurface dissolved oxygen levels and denitrification coherent with North Atlantic temperature oscillations. Yet the mechanism of this teleconnection between the remote ocean basins remains elusive. Here we present model simulations of the oxygen and nitrogen cycles that explain ...

The seasonal prediction skill for the Northern Hemisphere winter is assessed using retrospective predictions (1982–2010) from the ECMWF System 4 (Sys4) and National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) CFS version 2 (CFSv2) coupled atmosphere–ocean seasonal climate prediction systems. Sys4 shows a cold bias in the equatorial Pacific but a warm bias is found in the North Pacific and part o...

Species of Fucus are among the dominant seaweeds along Northern Hemisphere shores, but taxonomic designations often are confounded by significant intraspecific morphological variability. We analyzed intra- and inter-specific phylogenetic relationships within the genus (275 individuals representing 16 taxa) using two regions of the mitochondrion: a variable intergenic spacer and a conserved port...

STOCK DEFINITION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE There are two species of pilot whales in the western Atlantic — the Atlantic or long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas, and the short-finned pilot whale, G. macrorhynchus. These species are difficult to differentiate at sea; therefore, some of the descriptive material below refers to Globicephala sp., and is identified as such. The species is considere...

The thermohaline circulation (THC) in the North Atlantic plays a vital role in explaining past abrupt climate changes and in maintaining the current climate. Its remarkable nonlinear dynamics, first demonstrated by Stommel, has been supported by various types of climate models. This has led to severe concerns that global warming may shut down the THC irreversibly, with consequent catastrophic c...

STOCK DEFINITION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE There are two species of pilot whales in the western Atlantic—the Atlantic or long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas, and the short-finned pilot whale, G. macrorhynchus. These species are difficult to differentiate at sea; therefore, some of the descriptive material below refers to Globicephala sp., and is identified as such. The species is considered ...

The second half of the 20th century showed a series of decadal-scale anomalies of salinity, temperature and sea ice cover in the northern North Atlantic. One pronounced event, the 'great salinity anomaly' (GSA) is observed in the late 1060s and the early 1970s (Dickson et al., 1988). This anomaly can be linked to the sea ice volume out of the Arctic through Fram Strait, which represents a major...

Variations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) are believed to be an important driver of decadal to multi-decadal climate variability (e.g. Sutton and Hodson 2005; Knight et al. 2005; Zhang and Delworth 2006; Álvarez-Garcia et al. 2008; Seager et al. 2010; Semenov et al. 2010; Mahajan et al. 2011, for a recent review see Srokosz et al. 2012). In particular, it has been sug...

We synthesize African paleoclimate from 150 to 30 ka (thousand years ago) using 85 diverse datasets at a regional scale, testing for coherence with North Atlantic glacial/interglacial phases and northern and southern hemisphere insolation cycles. Two major determinants of circum-African climate variability over this time period are supported by principal components analysis: North Atlantic sea ...

The present interglacial, the Holocene, spans the period of the last 11,700 years. It has sustained the growth and development of modern society. The millennial-scale decreasing solar insolation in the Northern Hemisphere summer lead to Northern Hemisphere cooling, a southern shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and a weakening of the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon systems. On...