The contemporary mammalian communities of South America were defined by the rise Isthmus Panama and deep climatic oscillations during Pleistocene. Gomphotheres are a conspicuous group North American immigrant mammals that came to late Pliocene did not survive great megafauna extinction approximately twelve thousand years ago. present study compiles updated data on phylogeny, systematics ecology...

The range of Himalayan marmot ( Marmota himalayana Hodgson, 1841) has an insular character, as it is limited by ecological and geographical barriers: in the north, northeast east, these are deserts Loess Plateau, west - mountain peaks covered with glaciers rivers, south forests southern macro slope Himalayas. Only northwest there corridor. isolation populations marmots provokes divergence alarm...

[1] Repeated mesoscale surveys of waters over the shelf and slope off Oregon were conducted during spring and summer of 2001 to study the spatial structure of the velocity and hydrographic fields. The ocean response to wind forcing is compared between a region of relatively simple topography with alongshore uniformity and a region of complex topography including a shallow submarine bank (Heceta...

This paper presents a numerical study on the energy performance of solar greenhouse used as heat source in ventilation system applied virtual house. work, developed winter conditions, uses and heating system. The greenhouse, to air, is built with group glasses turned East, South West, placed above roof, system, two groups ducts, one transport warm air spaces north other free cooling south. simu...

The geostrophic method was applied to six north-south hydrographic profiles across the Caribbean Sea and one across the Yucatan Strait. An axis of flow exists in the southern third of the Caribbean Sea. It flows directly over the steep slope in the reference layer found by Defant's method. This condition is similar to that of the Gulf Stream. The baroclinic mass distribution extends to approxim...

[1] Alongshore transport was estimated from the gridded AVISO altimeter data and water level data from NOAA tide gauges (1993–2010) for the northern California Current (NCC) system. The biomass of the cold neritic copepods including Calanus marshallae, Pseudocalanus mimus and Acartia longiremis (dominants in the eastern Bering Sea, coastal Gulf of Alaska, and NCC) was estimated from a 15 year t...

Topographic asymmetry, that is, differences in the morphology of landscapes as a function of slope aspect, can be used to infer ecohydrogeomorphic feedback relationships. In this study, we document the dependence of topographic gradients and drainage densities on slope aspect and time/age in four Quaternary cinder cone fields in Arizona, Oregon, and California. Cinder cones are particularly use...

[1] We used a three-dimensional atmospheric transport model to investigate several aspects of column CO2 that are important for the design of new satellite-based observation systems and for the interpretation of observations collected by Sun-viewing spectrometers. These aspects included the amplitude of the diurnal cycle and how it is related to surface fluxes, the amplitude and phase of the se...