Experimental evidence suggests that exposure of sea urchin gastrulae to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), an analog of thymidine, causes a reduction in the rate of synthesis of some RNA species usually transcribed at this stage of development. In pulse-chase experiments, (3)H (in gastrula stage 8-15S nuclear DNA labeled with BUdR-(3)H) could not be chased, with unlabeled BUdR, into 20-60S size-range ...

The nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5 or TonEBP) is a Rel family transcriptional activator and is activated by hypertonic conditions. Several studies point to a possible connection between nuclear translocation and DNA binding; however, the mechanism of NFAT5 nuclear translocation and the effect of DNA binding on retaining NFAT5 in the nucleus are largely unknown. Recent experiments ...

Eukaryotic organisms evolved under aerobic conditions subjecting nuclear DNA to damage provoked by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although ROS are thought to be a major cause of DNA damage, little is known about the molecular mechanisms protecting nuclear DNA from oxidative stress. Here we show that protection of nuclear DNA in plants requires a coordinated function of ROS-scavenging pathways r...

The large and complex eukaryotic nucleus is the arbiter of DNA replication, RNA transcription, splicing, and ribosome assembly. With the advent of in vitro nuclear reconstitution extracts derived from Xenopus eggs in the 1980s, it became possible to assemble multiple nuclei in vitro around added DNA or chromatin substrates. Such reconstituted nuclei contain a nuclear lamina, double nuclear memb...

mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, which known as power house in cells. this organelle transforms energy into forms that are usable by the cell. the most common psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety can be linked to mitochondrial disorders. furthermore, mutations of mitochondrial or nuclear dna (mtdna and ndna, respectively) have been lin...

We have measured the nuclear DNA content of the major life cycle stages of Trypanosoma congolense, in two clones of geographically distant origin. We find that nuclear DNA content in epimastigote, mammalian blood-stream and metacyclic forms is constant and that the nuclear DNA contents of the two clones were 0.1 pg and 0.09 pg, respectively.

In contrast to extensive infiltration of plant nuclear genomes by mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA fragments, a computer assessment method could only detect seven mitochondrial DNA integration events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes and five examples of DNA migration into mammalian nuclear genes. No evidence could be detected for mitochondrial DNA insertion into chromosome III of Caenor...

The determination of nuclear DNA sequences from ancient remains would open many novel opportunities such as the resolution of phylogenies, the sexing of hominid and animal remains, and the characterization of genes involved in phenotypic traits. However, to date, single-copy nuclear DNA sequences from fossils have been determined only from bones and teeth of woolly mammoths preserved in the per...

The nuclear receptors constitute a large family of ligand-inducible transcription factors. The control of many genetic pathways requires the assembly of these nuclear receptors in defined transcription-activating complexes within control regions of ligand-responsive genes. An essential step is the interaction of the receptors with specific DNA sequences, called hormone-response elements (HREs)....

Current evidence suggests that distinct mechanisms exist to regulate precursor synthesis for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA replication. We tested this is mouse L cells by asking whether nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs become labeled to equivalent specific activities when provided with an exogenous nucleic acid precursor. Cells were grown in [32P]orthophosphate-containing medium long enough to br...