Outlays for health care in the Nation reached $192.4 billion in calendar year 1978--13 percent higher than in 1977, according to preliminary figures compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration. This estimate represented $863 per person in the United States and was equal to 9.1 percent of the GNP. This latest report in the annual series representing national health expenditures provides...

A multivariate continuous time model is presented in which a n-dimensional process is represented as the sum of k stochastic trends plus a n-dimensional stationary term, assumed to obey a system of higher-order autoregressive stochastic differential equations. When k < n, the variables are cointegrated and can be represented as linear combinations of a reduced number of common trends. An algori...

The Labour Market Characteristics and Labour Market Impacts of Immigrants in Ireland The purpose of this paper is two-fold. We firstly produce a labour market profile of non-Irish immigrants who arrived in Ireland in the ten years to 2003. We then go on to use the labour market profile in estimating the impact of immigration (non-Irish) on the Irish labour market. Immigrants are shown to be a h...

Cost for clinical treatments has been continuously increasing during the last several years. With 10.8% of GNP in 2003 it became the highest in Europe [1]. In order to overcome this problem, in 2004 reimbursements of hospital services based on disease patterns were introduced by the German government [2]. Under these new reimbursement rules hospitals are no longer reimbursed according to the nu...

THE UNITED STATES is rich in material and human resources. In 1968, the gross national product will probably reach $846 billion; the average income of families will approach $8,500. Moreover, abundance is growing. In the 1960’s alone, some $350 billion has been added to the GNP, and median family income has risen by about $2,8’75. There is every reason to expect that the technological advances ...

This paper examines whether negative innovations to GNP are more or less persistent than positive innovations. We find that once we allow for the impulse response ofGNP to be asymmetric, negative innovations to GNP are observed to be much less persistent than positive ones. In particular, the effect of a recession on the forecast of output is found to be negligible after only eight to twelve qu...

The objective of this paper is to estimate the relative contribution of a wide array of determinants to outbreak of financial crises in the EU candidate countries (Croatia, Macedonia and Turkey) and to identify the best-performing early warning indicators of financial crises. We have estimated a binomial logit model of the three EU candidate countries for the period 2005Q1 to 2009Q4 using actua...

Growth of GNP or of industrial incomes can, of course, be very important as means to expanding the freedoms enjoyed by the members of the society. But freedoms depend also on other determinants, such as social and economic arrangements (for example, facilities for education and health care) as well as political and civil rights (for example, the liberty to participate in public discussion and s...

PURPOSE To determine the clinical practice characteristics of gerontological nurse practitioners (GNPs) in the United States and ascertain whether length of employment, geographic region of practice, work setting, and educational preparation influence GNPs' delivery of advanced clinical services and clinical procedures. DATA SOURCES The Gerontological Nurse Practitioner Practice Profile was m...

The value of changes in mortality risk is conventionally estimated by the marginal rate of substitution between income and mortality risk—the value per statistical life (VSL). Previous estimates of the income elasticity of VSL, obtained from meta-analysis of compensating-wagedifferential studies and from contingent valuation, are typically less than one, often 0.3 to 0.5. We present new estimat...