Many-Valued logics have been developed to represent mathematical model of imprecision, vagueness, uncertainty and ambiguity in the information. In real world each and every species is vague, human knowledge and the natural languages have a bunch of vagueness or imprecise information. This paper attempts to present three main theories of many-valued logics to treat the vagueness: Fuzzy Logic, Va...

Vagueness is a fundamental, pervasive, and characteristic feature of natural language meaning. Almost every predicate whose applicability depends on gradient properties—which includes most content words in every language—exhibits vague uncertainty in borderline cases. The Sorities Paradox (the Paradox of the Heap) is the hallmark of vagueness: how can infitessimal differences add up to a qualit...

Anecdotally, not all investors are able to read and understand the financial report. I consider a strategic reporting game where bounded rational only pay attention randomly sampled parts of report then extrapolate value firm based on this. The manager can both obfuscate bias Obfuscation works by disaggregating into any number line items, modeled as nonnegative signals, whose mean is constraine...

The celebrated work of Barak et al. (Crypto’01) ruled out the possibility of virtual blackbox (VBB) obfuscation for general circuits. The recent work of Canetti, Kalai, and Paneth (TCC’15) extended this impossibility to the random oracle model as well assuming the existence of trapdoor permutations (TDPs). On the other hand, the works of Barak et al. (Crypto’14) and Brakerski-Rothblum (TCC’14) ...