Optimal powerand bit-loading in a multitone system requires prohibitive nonlinear programming. A useful nearoptimal solution has previously been proposed which imposes a uniform error probability distribution across the tones. In this paper, we examine two alternative nearoptimal solutions and offer a comparison with the existing solutions. The first imposes uniform power across the used tones ...

We consider low cost discrete bit loading based on greedy power allocation (GPA) under the constraints of total transmit power budget, target BER, and maximum permissible QAM modulation order. Compared to the standard GPA, which is optimal in terms of maximising the data throughput, three suboptimal schemes are proposed, which perform GPA on subsets of subchannels only. These subsets are create...

This paper proposes an algorithm that distributes bits according to different noise margin levels, thereby realizing unequal error protection (UEP). The new approach is based on a non-UEP allocation algorithm by Chow, Cioffi, and Bingham. The new algorithm is designed to be robust to non-stationary impulse noise and channel variations by integrating a new SNR-sorting scheme. Simulation results ...

In this article, different forms of optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) were observed which suitable for camera communication (OCC) systems. This research aims to establish the bit error rate (BER) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) OCC system. will focus on systems and design that produces noise clipping but gain SNR as a whole if an optimum factor is chosen. The BER anal...

A Genetic Algorithm is presented which is capable of evolving 100% functional arithmetic circuits. Evolved designs are presented for one-bit, two-bit adders with carry, and two and three-bit multipliers and details of the 100% correct evolution of three and four-bit adders. The largest of these circuits are the most complex digital circuits to have been designed by purely evolutionary means. Th...

This paper presents upper bounds on the bit-error rate (BER) of optimum combining in wireless systems with multiple cochannel interferers in a Rayleigh fading environment. We present closed-form expressions for the upper bound on the bit-error rate with optimum combining, for any number of antennas and interferers, with coherent detection of BPSK and QAM signals, and differential detection of D...

Palm-based lipid nanoparticle formulation loaded with griseofulvin was prepared by hot homogenisation and a solvent-free method. The optimum griseofulvin loaded lipid nanoparticles were prepared via stages of optimisation, such as high pressure homogenisation (HPH) parameters, lipid and surfactant screening and selection of suitable lipid to surfactant ratios; followed by photon correlation stu...

Bit error rate (BER) minimization and SNR-gap maximization, two robustness optimization problems, are solved, under average power and bit-rate constraints, according to the waterfilling policy. Under peak-power constraint the solutions differ and this paper gives bit-loading solutions of both robustness optimization problems over independent parallel channels. The study is based on analytical a...